In an industrialised developed society, urban deprivation appears to influence height mostly in late childhood, and this association should be taken into consideration in the clinical management of short stature. Height seems to be a better physical indicator of urban deprivation, and hence an index of childhood health, than BMI.
"This paper systematically relates local survey data to national census data in an investigation of one peripheral form of counter-urbanization now regarded as widely present in developed countries. The recent growth and spatial distribution of long-distance English migration to the Highlands and Islands of Scotland is described, and then 'explained' through multivariate analysis of cross-sectional data and through the stated motivations and characteristics of surveyed migrants to some of the remoter, rural parts of the region. The study reveals the importance of environmental and quality of life considerations." (summary in FRE, GER)
The aim of this study was to determine whether there was any relationship between body fat and pseudo-(or plasma) cholinesterase. Hutchinson, McCance & Widdowson (I~sI), in reporting their studies of undernutrition and feeding, pointed out that, at the end of rehabilitation when men became 'fat', the average pseudo-cholinesterase was higher than normal. It therefore seemed of interest to investigate the relationship of body fat to pseudo-cholinesterase in men in metabolic equilibrium as opposed to that in men at the end of a dynamic process of equilibrium.
METHODS
Assessment of body fat.Broiek & Keys (1950-1) have shown that there is a close correlation between the thickness of a layer of skin and subcutaneous fat at certain sites on the body and the proportion of body fat as determined by specific-gravity methods. We have used five sites for measurement; the front and back of the arm, the subcostal, the subscapular and subumbilical regions. Details of these sites have been given elsewhere (Berry & Cowin 1951). Edwards (1950) has produced evidence to show that fluctuations in obesity are reflected in changes in skinfold thickness, and these, in most parts of the body are in proportion with one another.The sum of the five measurements was therefore used as a measure of leannessfatness.
Budgetary surveys of the quantities of food obtained for consumption by whole households cannot by their very nature give direct information about the diets of individuals. This may not matter to economists; to nutritionists it is a most serious limitation. There is only one small but important group of households, those consisting of one person, for whom it is prima facie possible to use budgetary records to assess actual food consumption. Some early National Food Survey records indicated that such assessments were valid. The winter of 1947-8 was one of privation, judged by current British standards. Bread and potatoes, which had been freely available throughout the war, were both rationed, and during the previous year the people as a whole had lost weight (Kemsley, 1953) and complained publicly about the food supply (Harries & Hollingsworth, 1953). The continuous survey of the diets of urban working-class households begun in 1940 was therefore suspended for 6 months (October 1947-March 1948) to allow the field workers to concentrate on those groups most likely to be affected by the shortages, especially heavy manual workers' households and old-age pensioners living alone. The sample in each group was augmented by a small initial sample of households providing fresh personal contacts for survey in the neighbourhood. The defects of the method are obvious (Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food: National Food Survey Committee, 1956, Appendix D), but a rapid survey of very restricted groups could hardly have been made otherwise. The initial sample of pensioners was based on registrations for additional tea for those over 70 years of age, but some of the added pensioners were in their sixties. The resulting sample contained 508 women aged over 60 years: the energy values of their food consumption, estimated from their own
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