Adapting previously proven interventions designed for other MSM can significantly reduce HIV risk behaviors of Black MSM.

Black men who have sex with men (BMSM) are at considerable risk for HIV infection. A convenience sample of BMSM (n=252) attending nightclubs in three North Carolina cities was surveyed to investigate factors associated with unprotected anal intercourse (UAI). About 45% reported UAI in the past 2 months. BMSM who strongly agreed that their male friends used condoms for anal sex were significantly less likely to report any UAI. Recently incarcerated men were significantly more likely to report unprotected insertive anal sex. In secondary analyses, men who reported experiencing discrimination based on their race and nongay identified men reported more favorable peer norms for condom use. Men who reported that their family disapproved of their being gay were more likely to have been incarcerated in the past 2 months. HIV prevention for BMSM must promote supportive peer norms for condom use and address incarceration, racial discrimination, and family disapproval.

Finding effective and responsive ways to implement HIV/AIDS prevention in faith settings is facilitated by engaging diverse partners throughout the research process.

No abstract

Budgetary surveys of the quantities of food obtained for consumption by whole households cannot by their very nature give direct information about the diets of individuals. This may not matter to economists; to nutritionists it is a most serious limitation. There is only one small but important group of households, those consisting of one person, for whom it is prima facie possible to use budgetary records to assess actual food consumption. Some early National Food Survey records indicated that such assessments were valid. The winter of 1947-8 was one of privation, judged by current British standards. Bread and potatoes, which had been freely available throughout the war, were both rationed, and during the previous year the people as a whole had lost weight (Kemsley, 1953) and complained publicly about the food supply (Harries & Hollingsworth, 1953). The continuous survey of the diets of urban working-class households begun in 1940 was therefore suspended for 6 months (October 1947-March 1948) to allow the field workers to concentrate on those groups most likely to be affected by the shortages, especially heavy manual workers' households and old-age pensioners living alone. The sample in each group was augmented by a small initial sample of households providing fresh personal contacts for survey in the neighbourhood. The defects of the method are obvious (Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food: National Food Survey Committee, 1956, Appendix D), but a rapid survey of very restricted groups could hardly have been made otherwise. The initial sample of pensioners was based on registrations for additional tea for those over 70 years of age, but some of the added pensioners were in their sixties. The resulting sample contained 508 women aged over 60 years: the energy values of their food consumption, estimated from their own

No abstract

This rich, arts-and spatial-thinking-integrated project examined the effects of making three-dimensional dioramas of traditional African cultures on Black fifth graders at an urban school on students' racial identities, knowledge of cultural universals, and spatial thinking skills. Pretest and posttest attitudes measured with the Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity-Teen evidenced an increase in sense of belonging to other Black people. Students learned social studies content and recognized many cultural universals, allowing them to feel connected to the African groups. Student essays showed admiration for African cultures, connections through similar foods, and links through appreciation of animals.

The STEM movement encourages girls to consider careers in science; however, for success, common misconceptions and biases need to be dispelled, while females' spatial thinking skills are developed. All students, both girls and boys, need exposure to the accomplishments of women scientists to appreciate their contributions and to envision females as successful scientists. This oneweek study conducted during a summer day camp examined upper elementary student (n = 15; 7 females, 8 males) attitudes toward science, women in science, and the possibility of a science career before and after participation in learning about diverse accomplished women scientists and making a diorama showcasing the professional work and caring actions of one of the scientists. The efficacy of this project for upper elementary students, conducted during a summer day camp, is supported by pretest-posttest data and attitude surveys. The five-day class showed positive changes in student plans for a career in science and improved attitudes toward the importance of females becoming scientists. Directions for constructing dioramas, examples of student-made work, and creative scenes made with given craft items are provided.