Our study confirmed an association between both T1DM and T2DM with periodontitis and tooth loss. Therefore, oral health education should be promoted in diabetic subjects.

Among the direct medical costs of childhood diabetes, the highest economic burden was due to glucose self measurement, hospitalization, and insulin. The costs were considerably higher in adolescents with poor metabolic control, especially the costs for hospitalization. Outpatient education programs in pediatric diabetes care, in particular targeting children with poor metabolic control, should be encouraged, including their evaluation with respect to cost and effectiveness.

A high prevalence of functional bowel disorders was found in this population-based study in Germany. Only about half of the subjects reported health care seeking due to their bowel disorders. Self-medication with over-the-counter agents was frequently performed.

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In conclusion, accidents were more likely to occur in inexperienced drivers, in the shortest distance, with straight conditions and in well-known dangerous areas.

Numbers of prescriptions and costs in primary care patients with future diabetes diagnosis in Germany were already increased six years before clinical detection, reflecting increased cardiovascular risk even before clinical diabetes diagnosis.

Subjects with FBD within a three-year period had impaired HRQL compared to subjects without FBD and the general population in Germany. HRQL seemed to be less impaired than in subjects with IBS from the UK and the US.

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