CRAM, W. H. 1984. Sonic effects of self-. cross-, and open-pollinations in Pic.etr pllrc,qerl.s. Can. J. Bot. 62: 392-395.Self-fertility of Picen pirilgeils Engclm. ranged from 0 to 176 seeds per conc for 72 trccs. Sclf-pollinations rctluccd thc average sccd yields to 40 and 23% of the respective cross-, and opcn(wind)-pollinations. Selfing decreased thc gcrmination for nonstratified seed to 71% of that for cross-pollinated sced. whereas the gcrmination of stratified sclfcd and crossed sccd varied from 80 to 100%. Sclfing also depressed the growth of I-to 5-year-old seedlings. CRAM, W. H. 1984. Some effects of sclf-, cross., and open-pollinations in Picecc pililgeils. Can. J. Bot. 62: 392-395.Le taux d'autofertilitk de Piceo pungerls Engelm. variait de 0 i 176 graincs par c8ne. concernant 72 arbres. Lcs rendenicnts moyens de semences issues d'autopollinisations ne furcnt quc de 40 ct 23% dcs rendcments moycns dc scnicnces issucs respectivement de pollinisations croisCes et librcs (par le vent). L'autopollinisation diminua la germination des graincs non stratifikes j. 71% dc cclle des graines de pollinisation croiskc, tandis quc la germination des graines stratifikes, issues d'autopollinisations et de pollinisations croiskcs, varia de 80 a 100%. L'autopollinisation aussi diminua la croissancc des semis hges de 1 i 5 ans.[Traduit par lc journal] IntroductionBlue spruce (Picea pungens Engelm.) has been planted extensively for landscapes and shelterbelts in the temperate zone of North America. Seed of this species was procured from several sources in the United States by the Indian Head Tree Nursery from 1902 to 1908 for test plantings. These plantings demonstrated an attractive blue foliage, as well as resistance to drought and to most diseases and insects. As a result 8 x lo6 seedlings of blue spruce have been produced since 1937 by the nursery for plantings in the three prairie provinces.A tree improvement program for blue spruce was initiated in 1954 at Indian Head. During the early stages some investigations involved seed and seedling characteristics for which information was limited. Information on seed set of blue spruce following controlled pollinations has been reported in severaI hybridization studies. Fechner and Clark (1969) reported no set from selfing, 1.5 seeds per cone from intraspecific crosses, and 10.5 from open-pollinations for one blue spruce tree. Bongarten and Hanover (1982) mentioned a set of 14.9 seeds per cone from cross-pollinations and 0.2 from openpollinations of blue spruce. Hanover (1975) cited an average yield of 56 seeds per cone for 3 18 blue spruce in a provenance test, whereas Cram (1983) reported that seed set following open-pollinations of 21 trees averaged 61 seeds per cone.Selfing has been reported to reduce the set and germination of seed, also the growth and survival of seedlings, for several other conifer species (Bingham and SquilIace 1955;Gordon 1976;Mergen et al. 1965; Sorenson and Miles 1982). This paper is a report on seed yields, seed and seedling characteristics of P...
The seedlings were of four species: White spruce [Picea glauca, (Moench) Voss.] ; Black Hills Spruce [P.g.albertiana, (S.Br.) Sarg.]; Colorado spruce [P. pzmgens, Engelm.] and Norway spruce [P. abies, (L) Karst.]. Seed, to produce these seedlings, was extracted from cones collected on the station. Exploration studies (3. 4) conducted with seed from individual seed trees of these species demonstrated the average number of seeds-per-cone to be 28, 23, 65 and 69, respectively. Tests conducted in the seed beds with this seed revealed an average of 14.6, 16.5, 54.1 and 50.9 per cent germination, respectively. This low germination may be the result of one or several factors involving seed viability. The effect of stratification upon germination of spruce seed appeared a logical starting point for seed viability studies.'Seed viability' may be defined as the percentage of seed capable of germinating when exposed to the most favorable conditions. 'Dormancy' has been defined as the physiological state of seed in which it is incapable for the most part of responding by growth to conditions favorable for germination.Barton (2) reported that seed of White and Norway spruce reacted most favorably to stratification at o0 C. for two months. Germination of 96 per cent and 90 per cent, respectively, was attained in 25 days while that of untreated controls was 48 per cent and 53 per cent. Seed of Colorado spruce was found to respond equally well t,o either O0 C. or 5' C. for one month. Germination of 79 per cent and 80 per cent was obtained in 16 days with the corresponding check germinating 47 per cent in 50 days.Results of studies conducted with spruce seed are reported (6) by the Forest Service of the United States. The essential points of this report are as follows. (1) White sruce seed exhibits a general dormancy which required 60 to 90 days of stratification at 41°F. to attain an average germination of 49 per cent. (2) Blue spruce proved variable, with some seed showing dormancy and others no dormancy. Stratification for 30 to 90 days was recommended, which resulted in an average germination of 73 per cent. (3) Norway spruce seed only occasionally has dormancy and requires no after-ripening treatment to attain an average of 70 per cent germination. (4) Seed of Black Hills spruce showed n.0 dormancy and required no stratification to give 44 per cent to 70 per cent germination. Crocker ( 5 ) placed Norway and White spruce in the same group with
Survival of seventeen poplar clones six years after planting in 1951 ranged from 0 to 100 per cent. Total height of the surviving 13 clones in 1956 varied from 11 to 25 feet. FNS No. 44-52, a natural hybrid of P. deltoides, was the outstanding clone in the test with a survival of 94 per cent and height of 25 feet. Three clones, FNS No. 44-52, Saskatchewan, and BNW No. 4 demonstrated resistance to disease (Cytospora canker), while ten clones proved highly susceptible. Survival and growth for FNS No. 44-52, 38P38, tristis No. 1 and gelrica were superior to those of Northwest poplar, which exhibited a survival of 75 per cent and height of 18 feet.
Pollen of Picea pungens Engelm. appeared to modify the pH of aqueous cultural solutions. Superior pollen germination of 97% and tube growth of 223 μ was recorded on a 1.5% agar medium with 10% sucrose and a pH of 4. Pollen viability was 78% after one year in open storage at 4 °C and 82% after two years in sealed storage at −18 °C.
A study was made of the vigor and seed crops of trees comprising six geographic races of PINUS SYLVESTRIS L. The Scottish race exhibited superior vigor and the Russian race highest survival after 41 years of growth, while the Rigensis race proved the most consistent producer of cones in the 1947 to 1952 period. The seeds-per-cone, seed-weight and seed-viability values varied greatly from year to year for individual trees of all races. Thus it would appear that selection of seed trees on the basis of seed characteristics alone has little merit.
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