Abstract. The Amazon basin is likely to be increasingly affected by environmental changes: higher temperatures, changes in precipitation, CO 2 fertilization and habitat fragmentation. To examine the important ecological and biogeochemical consequences of these changes, we are developing an international network, RAINFOR, which aims to monitor forest biomass and dynamics across Amazonia in a co-ordinated fashion in order to understand their relationship to soil and climate. The network will focus on sample plots established by independent researchers, some providing data extending back several decades. We will also conduct rapid transect studies of poorly monitored regions. Field expeditions analysed local soil and plant properties in the first phase (2001)(2002). Initial results suggest that the network has the potential to reveal much information on the continental-scale relations between forest and environment. The network will also serve as a forum for discussion between researchers, with the aim of standardising sampling techniques and methodologies that will enable Amazonian forests to be monitored in a coherent manner in the coming decades.

-Thirteen main landform units are distinguished for the whole of the forested planalto, and in the areas of relict valleys, in view of the prolonged geomorphological stability Key-words: Amazon, major landforms, tropical soils, floristic biodiversity. Paisagens Maiores da Amazônia e seus Solos em Relação com a BiodiversidadeRESUMO -Foram distinguidas treze unidades de paisagens maiores, em toda região Amazônica florestada, cada unidade com padrão de solos e estrutura de cobertura vegetal específica. Estas unidades de paisagem-solos-vegetação foram delineadas num mapa geral da região e ilustradas por um corte transversal esquemático. A diversidade florística, do tipo gamma, deve ser a mais alta no complexo paisagístico da Selva Alta, bordeando a Cordilheira Andina; nas terras firmes colinosas dos escudos cristalinos; no complexo de inselbergs, e no variante eutrico das terras firmes sedimentárias ocidentais. Estima-se que o endemismo seja mais alto nas planícies arenosas, e em partes dos complexos de chapadões e de inselbergs. Especiação, ligada com o conceito de refúgios florestais, é provavelmente mais alta nos chapadões de areniscos antigos, nas extensões do planalto Amazônico, e nas áreas de vales relictos, considerando a estabilidade geomorfológica prolongada destas unidades.Palavras-chave: Amazônia, unidades de paisagem; solos tropicais; biodiversidade florística 1 Ά preliminar version of this text appeared in ISRIC Annual Report over 1990, Wageningen, the Netherlands. Updating and digitizing of the coloured map took place in 1998. The digital version can be obtained separately from t 2 Consultant GTZ/PPG7/IPAAM; Manaus, Am. Brazil;

Soil organic matter is a key component of all terrestrial ecosystems, and any variation in its composition and abundance has important effects on many of the processes that occur within the system. The role of soil organic matter in soil nutrient cycling and soil gaseous emissions is discussed in the context of agricultural sustainability and global environmental change. Recent data on organic carbon and nitrogen reserves in the soils of the world are presented, with special reference to the subtropical and tropical regions. Possibilities for long‐lasting, enhanced sequestration of carbon in the soil through management of the land and water resources are reviewed. Finally, the need is stressed for an up‐to‐date database on soil resources and for a global monitoring system in order to permit the study of changes in soil organic matter quantity and quality over time, as determined by changes in land‐use and climate.

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The spatial and temporal pattern of annual rainfall and the strength of the dry season within the Amazon region are poorly known. Existing rainfall maps are based on the data from full-scale, long-term meteorological stations, operated by national organizations linked to the World Meteorological Organisation, such as INMET in Brazil. Stations with 30 or more years of uninterrupted and reliable recordings are very few, considering the size of the region, and most of them are located along the major rivers. It has been suggested that rainfall conditions away from these rivers are substantially different. An analysis has been made of the records of a network of simple pluviometric sites in the Brazilian part of the region as maintained by the National Agency for Electric Energy (ANEEL) since 1970. The latter data sets were used to draw more detailed maps on annual rainfall, and on the strength of the dry season in particular; average number of consecutive months with less than 100 mm, 50 mm, and 10 mm, respectively. Also, some data were obtained on the spatial expression of El Niño events within the region. Subregional differences are large, and it is argued that they are important for the success or failure of agricultural settlements; for the hazard of large-scale fire damage of the still existing primary forest vegetation; for the functioning of this land cover as stock and sink of CO2, and for the likelihood that secondary forests on abandoned agricultural lands will have less biomass. The effects of past El Niño rainfall anomalies on the biodiversity of the natural savannahs within the forest region are discussed.

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