Distribution of Amazonian Dark Earths in the Brazilian Amazon

Kern, Dirse Clara; D’aquino, Gilmation; Rodrigues, T. E.; Frazão, Francisco Juvenal Lima; Sombroek, W.G.; Myers, Thomas P.; Neves, Eduardo Góes

doi:10.1007/1-4020-2597-1_4

Cited by 59 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(13 reference statements)

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“…Fertile and carbon-rich soils have been discovered throughout the Amazon River basin, an area where soils are typically nutrient leached and weathered [1,2]. Terra Preta soils, or Amazonian dark earth soils, occur in locations classified as Oxisols and Ultisols with similar mineralogical properties as surrounding soils.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Terra Preta soils, or Amazonian dark earth soils, occur in locations classified as Oxisols and Ultisols with similar mineralogical properties as surrounding soils. However, the Terra Preta soils are differentiated by their darker color due to large amounts of organic matter (reportedly nearly 90 g·kg in surrounding Oxisols), charcoal, and A horizons ranging from 30 to 60 cm opposed to the typical 10-to 15-cm depths in adjacent soils [1,[3][4][5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pine Woodchip Biochar Impact on Soil Nutrient Concentrations and Corn Yield in a Silt Loam in the Mid-Southern U.S.

Slimani¹,

Mebarkia

Houd³

2015

Agriculture

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pine Woodchip Biochar Impact on Soil Nutrient Concentrations and Corn Yield in a Silt Loam in the Mid-Southern U.S.

Slimani¹,

Mebarkia

Houd³

2015

Agriculture

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“…2) (500 ha -Santarém, Belterra 200 ha, 80 ha Manacapuru, 90 ha of Altamira) (Erickson 2003: 463, Kern et al 2003: 68, Woods et al 2004: 3, Schaan et al 2009: 128, Woods 2009. Kern et al 2003, Mora 2003, German 2004, Rebellato et al 2009, Schaan et al 2009, Schmidt 2009 Neves et al 2004, Rebellato et al 2009 other archaeological sites Usually we find ADE on banks of watercourses, floodplains (várzeas), edges bluff sites and slopes located on the terras firmes (Denevan 1996: 664, Kämpf et al 2003: 78, Kern et al 2003. In addition to Brazil, ADE is also encountered in Colombia, Peru, Venezuela and Guyanas (Erickson 2003: 463, Kern et al 2003.…”

Section: Localization Of Adementioning

confidence: 62%

Amazonian Dark Earths in the context of pre-Columbian settlements

Golińska¹

2014

geol

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Important information about pre-Columbian Amazonian settlement and economy provide Amazonian Dark Earths (ADE), black or brown soils characterized by the presence of charcoal in high concentrations, with highly elevated nutrients and organic matter and higher pH level. Usually ADE are related to large concentrations of ceramics, stone artifacts and animal remains. The main factor for the initiation of ADE formation was the long-lasted, fully sedentary pre-Columbian settlement. Its size and a form can be correlated with traces of historical human habitation. Thus, these sites can reflect the social organization of a specific group. Therefore, ADE studies can bring much valuable information concerning pre-Columbian settlement in Amazonia.

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“…Widespread in Brazilian Amazonia, there are many scattered areas of anthropogenic soils called: "Indian Black Earth", whose surface horizons are darker and more fertile than the lighter-colored adjacent soilscapes (Kern et al, 2003). In some cases these dark horizons occur below lighter-colored horizons, which may indicate burial by alluvial or colluvial material, as well as reforestation in certain areas that produce lighter-colored humus at the top soil surface with soil composition different from that caused by former anthropogenic activities.…”

Section: Horizons Similar To the Sombric Horizonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sombric horizon: five decades without evolution

Almeida

Neto

Vidal‐Torrado

2015

Sci. agric. (Piracicaba, Braz.)

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The sombric horizon is a diagnostic subsurface horizon defined in the soil classification system of the United States (Soil Taxonomy) and FAO (WRB), used to classify the soil at different categorical levels. The sombric horizon has a soil color darker than the overlying surface(s) horizon(s), and must show illuvial humus accumulation features, though they are not associated with aluminum (Al), as in the spodic horizon, nor associated with sodium (Na), as in the natric horizon. There are also criteria to distinguish it from buried A horizons. However, since the first references and proposed concept of the sombric horizon in African soils made by Sys and co-workers in the 1960s, and adopted by the Soil Taxonomy edition of 1975, few modifications have been made to its definition. Moreover, the pedogenic process involved in illuvial humus accumulation in these horizons remains inadequately clarified, making the distinction between the sombric and spodic or buried A horizon difficult and unclear. This review reports the historical evolution of the sombric horizon concept, its definition and inconsistencies under different soil classification systems, and the current hypothesis, together with its fragilities, proposed to explain the soil illuvial humus accumulation. Although it is recognized that further research is necessary, alternative criteria are proposed for the definition of the sombric horizon in the Brazilian System of Soil Classification.

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Distribution of Amazonian Dark Earths in the Brazilian Amazon

Cited by 59 publications

References 16 publications

Pine Woodchip Biochar Impact on Soil Nutrient Concentrations and Corn Yield in a Silt Loam in the Mid-Southern U.S.

Pine Woodchip Biochar Impact on Soil Nutrient Concentrations and Corn Yield in a Silt Loam in the Mid-Southern U.S.

Amazonian Dark Earths in the context of pre-Columbian settlements

Sombric horizon: five decades without evolution

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