Measurements of the diffusion coefficients and saturation values of seventeen disperse dyes on Dacron polyester fibre under dyeing conditions seem to indicate that the differences in diffusion coefficient between the individual dyes are mainly due, after elimination of geometrical effects, to energy effects associated with the formation of hydrogen bonds, the dye being the proton donor. The efficiencies of three different carriers were approximately the same if equimolar quantities were present inside the fibre.
The compatibility of dyes is particularly important in regard to the time, reproducibility and levelness of dyeing. For basic dyes on acrylic fibres and anionic dyes on nylon, a characteristic of the dye—the compatibility value K— is valuable in determining whether it can be used in the same bath as others. Dyes having the same K‐value are compatible under most dyeing conditions. For disperse dyes, K‐values do not exist. In selecting such dyes for use together, other properties of the dyes and the concentrations to be used in the particular combination must be considered.
Methods for predicting the dyeing behaviour of cationic dyes on acrylic fibres (of Orion 42 and Dralon types) are of value, since the existence of saturation values, the poor levelling characteristics of the dyes used, and the pronounced dependence of exhaustion rate on dye concentration and temperature demand careful control of the whole dyeing process. The nature of the bond between the fibre and the dye, and the dependence of dyeing equilibrium on dyeing conditions are considered, and equations are derived for calculating the dye uptake of single dyes and of mixtures. Finally, methods of achieving levelness of dyeings are discussed.
The article contains sections titled: 1. History, Economic Importance 1.1. Historical Dyeing Methods 1.2. Economic Importance of Textile Dyeing 2. Dyeing Technology 2.1. General 2.1.1. History 2.1.2. The Field of Dyeing Technology 2.1.3. Fundamental Principles of Dyeing 2.1.3.1. Dyeing Systems 2.1.3.2. Phases of Exhaustion Dyeing 2.1.3.3. Dyeing Phase (Dyeing Kinetics) 2.1.3.4. Equilibrium Phase 2.1.3.5. Dye Fixation, Improvement of Colorfastness 2.1.3.6. Sources of Further Process Data 2.2. Batchwise Dyeing (Bath Dyeing) 2.2.1. Fundamental Principles and Equipment 2.2.2. Theoretical and Technical Fundamental Principles 2.2.3. Circulating Machines (Stationary Goods, Circulating Liquor) 2.2.3.1. Systems and Functions 2.2.3.2. Loose Stock Dyeing Machines 2.2.3.3. Package Dyeing Machines (Cross‐Wound Packages) 2.2.3.4. Hank Dyeing Machines 2.2.3.5. Beam Dyeing 2.2.4. Circulating‐Goods Machines with Textile Storage (Winch Type) 2.2.4.1. System and Functions 2.2.4.2. The Winch Beck 2.2.4.3. Jet Dyeing Machines 2.2.4.4. Overflow Dyeing Machines 2.2.4.5. The Air Jet (“Airflow”) Dyeing Machine 2.2.5. The Dyeing Jigger 2.2.5.1. Normal (Direct) Jig Dyeing 2.2.5.2. Pad Jig Process 2.2.6. Special Bath Dyeing Equipment 2.2.6.1. Star‐Shaped Dyeing Frames 2.2.6.2. Machines for Dyeing Hanks of Yarn 2.2.6.3. Paddle Dyeing Machine 2.2.6.4. Rotary Dyeing Machine 2.2.6.5. Cabinet Dyeing 2.2.6.6. Hosiery Dyeing Machines 2.2.7. Automatic Control of Bath Dyeing 2.2.7.1. Aims 2.2.7.2. Functions of Automatic Control 2.2.7.3. Equipment Requirements 2.3. Continuous and Semicontinuous Dyeing 2.3.1. The Principal Stages of Continuous Dyeing 2.3.1.1. Dye Pickup 2.3.1.2. Intermediate Drying 2.3.1.3. Dye Fixation 2.3.1.4. Aftertreatment of the Dyed Fabric (Finishing) 2.3.2. Dyeing Plants 2.3.3. Continuous Dyeing of Yarn and Fiber 2.3.4. Automatic Operation of Continuous Dyeing Plants 2.3.4.1. Important Process Stages and their Automation 2.3.4.2. Technology of Automation 2.4. Laboratory Dyeing Techniques 2.4.1. Objectives 2.4.2. Laboratory Dyeing 2.4.2.1. Typical Laboratory Equipment 2.4.2.2. Small‐Scale Production Equipment 2.4.3. Laboratory Dyeing Technology 2.5. Techniques of Dispensing Products used in Dyeing 2.5.1. Dispensing of Dyes 2.5.2. Dispensing of Dye Auxiliaries 2.5.3. Dispensing of Chemicals 2.5.4. Preparation of the Initial Liquor Charge and its Replenishment 2.5.4.1. Batch Dyeing 2.5.4.2. Continuous Dyeing 2.6. Colorimetry 2.6.1. Measuring Instruments 2.6.2. Methods of Expressing Colorimetric Results 2.6.3. Developments in Colorimetry 3. Physical Properties of Textiles Important for Dyeing 3.1. Classification of Textile Properties 3.2. Fibers 3.3. Yarns 3.4. Fabrics 3.5. Makeup of Textiles for Dyeing 4. Dyeing of Cellulose Fibers 4.1. Dyeing with Reactive Dyes 4.1.1. Fundamentals 4.1.2. Dyeing Techniques 4.1.3. Special Processes and Development Trends 4.2. Dyeing with Direct Dyes 4.2.1. Applications and Properties 4.2.2. Dyeing Principle 4.2.3. Pretreatment of Substrates 4.2.4. Dyeing Parameters 4.2.5. Dyeing Techniques 4.2.6. Special Processes 4.2.7. Aftertreatment 4.3. Dyeing with Anthraquinone Vat Dyes 4.3.1. Chemistry of Vat Dyes 4.3.2. Vatting 4.3.3. Dye Absorption in the Exhaustion Process 4.3.4.
For a fibre–reactive dichloroquinoxaline carbonamide dye, the amounts of dye substantively and chemically bound to cotton fibre in dyeing from a long liquor have been determined. The reaction between dye and fibre was neither pseudo first– nor second–order. The relative rate of reaction (based on the amount of dye substantively bound and still reactive) was a function of the total amount of dye present on the fibre, and was about twenty–five times smaller than the corresponding rate constant for the reaction with sorbitol. An interpretation of the results implies that effects of heterogeneity slow down the reaction and that dye molecules can be bound substantively in different kinds of link (by adsorption in special topochemical positions or by association) so as to differ in their probability of reacting with the fibre.
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