Soybean cultivation holds great potential for a sustainable agriculture in Europe, but adaptation remains a central issue. In this large mega-environment (MEV) study, 75 European cultivars from five early maturity groups (MGs 000-II) were evaluated for maturity-related traits at 22 locations in 10 countries across Europe. Clustering of the locations based on phenotypic similarity revealed six MEVs in latitudinal direction and suggested several more. Analysis of maturity identified several groups of cultivars with phenotypic similarity that are optimally adapted to the different growing regions in Europe. We identified several haplotypes for the allelic variants at the E1, E2, E3 and E4 genes, with each E haplotype comprising cultivars from different MGs. Cultivars with the same E haplotype can exhibit different flowering and maturity characteristics, suggesting that the genetic control of these traits is more complex and that adaptation involves additional genetic pathways, for example temperature requirement. Taken together, our study allowed the first unified assessment of soybean-growing regions in Europe and illustrates the strong effect of photoperiod on soybean adaptation and MEV classification, as well as the effects of the E maturity loci for soybean adaptation in Europe.

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Modern agriculture, breeding procedures, as well as competition among breeding institutions contribute to further reduction of already narrowed diversity of soybean commercial varieties. The objective of the study was to characterize eighteen soybean cultivars from three different breeding programs for agro-morphological traits and to reveal genetic diversity using molecular markers. Morphological description was performed with 13 qualitative and 9 quantitative traits. The genetic relationships were estimated using 21 RAPD markers. PIC was calculated for RAPD data, while the diversity of qualitative traits was described by Shannon genetic diversity index. Cluster analysis based on qualitative morphological characters showed clear separation of genotypes on the basis of their plant growth type. PC analysis performed for quantitative traits divided genotypes according to their maturity group. Grouping pattern based on molecular marker data was in agreement with pedigree of cultivars. A great similarity was found, primarily between the varieties under the same institution, and then among all examined varieties. Comparison of three methods in the assessment of diversity indicated that morphological markers might provide useful information in breeding process and allow classification by pedigree to some extent, but RAPD markers were found to be superior in assessing differences among genetically very similar genotypes. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR-31068]

At the time of soybean seed sowing in the field, a high soil moisture, low soil and air temperatures, and crasts formation may occur, which can lead to slow germination, poor seedling establishment, and in some cases to loss of seed vigor. Due to the importance and prevalence of soybean the aim of this study was to determine the quality and seed viability of different genotypes produced at three locations in Vojvodina during 2009 and 2010. Eight soybean varieties (Afrodita, Valjevka, Balkan, Novosadjanka, Ravnica, Ana, Vojvodjanka and Venera) produced in Vrbas, Senta and Inđija during 2009 and 2010 were tested. Seed germination was determined using Standard laboratory test, and vigor tests (cold test, and accelerated aging test). Studied genotypes baheved differently in different years and at different localities. Genotype Venera achieved high germination values in all applied tests in 2009, while genotype Afrodita had high values of the tested parameter when conventional laboratory test was applied, and the lowest values were recorded when vigor tests were applied. Values obtained in 2010 when all tests were applied were above the prescribed minimum. Locality of Vrbas proved to be more favorable for seed production in relation to localities of Indjija and Senta due to better rainfall distribution

Summary:The extracts were prepared from the samples of 3,200-year-old charred pea and bitter vetch seeds from the site of Hissar near Leskovac, South Serbia, using two different DNA extraction procedures. We used CTAB method with some modifi cation and obtained low quantity of ancient DNA in comparison with the second method used -commercial available kit. After the extraction, a whole genome amplifi cation using Phi29 DNA polymerase was performed. The amplifi ed DNAs were used for PCR reaction using primers for 26S rDNA gene, which is located on the nuclear genome. The single band corresponding to 26S rDNA fragment from modern relatives was obtained. We conclude that DNA from charred pea and vetch seed can be extracted and used for further archaeobotanical analysis at the molecular level.

Soybean breeding and selection is a continual process designed to increase yield levels and improve resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Soybean breeders have been successful in producing a large number of varieties using conventional breeding methods, the Single Seed Descent method in particular. In recent decades, with the increased use of genetic transformations, backcrossing is more frequent though the only trait that has been commercialized is glyphosate tolerance. Physiological breeding poses a particular challenge, as well as phenotyping and development of useful criteria and techniques suitable for plant breeding. Using modern remote sensing techniques provides great opportunity for collecting a large amount of physiological data in real environment, which is necessary for physiological breeding. Molecular based plant breeding methods and techniques are a conceptual part of any serious breeding program. Among those methods, the most extensively used is marker-assisted selection, as a supplement to conventional breeding methods. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR-31022]

Seed germination and seedling growth are the most sensitive plant stages towards salinity. Various techniques can improve emergence and stand formation under salt conditions. Seeds priming is one of the most frequently used technique. Seed priming could develop different defence mechanisms of seeds against salinity stress. This experiment aims to examine the seed priming into potassium nitrate - KNO3 (1%), ascorbic acid – ASA (100mgl-1), and potassium chloride - KCl (1%) solutions, that may reduce harmful effects of salinity stress. Salinity was imposed by treatment of seeds with different concentrations of NaCl (0 (control), 50, 100, 200m MNaCl). All data were analysed statistically by three-way ANOVA. Individual testing of probability was carried out using Tukey’s method p £ 0.05 and p £ 0.01. Correlation dependence was determined using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Test results demonstrated positive effect of seed priming. This was showed by improved soybean seed quality and increased seed germination rate. The intensity of lipid peroxidation, free proline concentration and Na+ was decreased, while K+ in seedlings increased due to priming treatment. Priming of seeds into ASA solution resulted in increased vitamin C concentration, while priming into KNO3 and ÊCl solutions reduced the content of vitamin Ñ in soybean seedlings.

The identification of genomic regions affected by phenotypic selection during breeding is important for elucidating the genetic basis of complex traits underlying adaptation to a specific target environment. This study investigated the soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) adaptation in Central-East European environments by a hitchhiking mapping approach and pedigree analysis. Population genetic principles were applied to microsatellite markers using multiple outlier detection tests. The analyzed populations comprised ancestral and elite varieties. Genetic diversity parameters showed significant differences between the populations. Eight markers were considered as strong positive selection candidate loci, indicating regions involved in the adaptation. Bottleneck tests provided no evidence of population bottlenecks for the candidate positive selection loci, suggesting that selection might shaped the pattern of genetic diversity in these regions. Co-localisation of the candidate positive selection loci and previously mapped quantitative trait loci (QTLs) revealed a high level of agreement between the identified QTLs and the traits expected to be under selection during soybean breeding. The identification and differentiation of selectively important QTLs have practical importance for future breeding programs, aiming at developing varieties for a specific target environment.