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Constitutive equations for plane stress problems based on the modi ed form of a nonquadratic yield criterion suitable for aluminium alloy sheet were derived by Barlat et al. to account for the Bauschinger effect (BE). N umerical predictions of spring-back based on the original yield function and its modi ed form were performed and compared with the results of draw-bending tests. The results show the necessity of including the BE in the constitutive equations to enhance the accuracy in predicting spring-back.

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This chapter discusses the following procedures for risk assessment in Bt cotton using the non-target risk assessment model developed by scientists of the GMO ERA Project ("International Project on GMO Environmental Risk Assessment Methodologies", which is a continuation of the GMO Guidelines Project, which was launched by scientists of the International Organization for Biological Control Global Working Group on "Transgenic Organisms in Integrated Pest Management and Biological Control"): (1) identify relevant functional groups of biological diversity associated with adverse effects, (2) list and prioritize species or ecological processes, (3) identify potential exposure pathways and adverse effects pathways, and use these to formulate and prioritize risk hypotheses, and (4) develop an analysis plan and suggest designs for experiments to test risk hypotheses.

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