BACKGROUND: Infection is the most common diseases in developing country, including Indonesia. Bacteria that often causes infection is Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. One of the traditional plants that can be used as an antibacterial is lidah mertua. AIM: The purpose of this study was to find out the profile of chemical compounds by thin layer chromatography method and determine the antibacterial activity of Lidah Mertua leaves by in vitro. METHODS: This research conducted an experimentally using non-polar, semipolar, and polar as solvents to get extract against E. coli and S. aureus as bacterial testing. The antibacterial activity using agar diffusion method to get minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). RESULTS: The result of the research on thin layer chromatography showed that the compounds contained in the Lidah Mertua leaves were polifenol, steroids and alkaloids. The data obtained were tabulated and analysed descriptively. The antibacterial activity show that n-hexane extract does not provide inhibitory activity. MIC value show that aethyl acetate extract of lidah mertua leaves inhibited the growth of E. coli and S. aureus at concentration 50 mg/mL and 25 mg/mL with diameters of inhibition zone is 8.50 mm and 8.20 mm and methanol extract of lidah mertua leaves inhibited the growth of E. coli and S. aureus at concentration 12.5 mg/mL and 25 mg/mL with diameters of inhibition zone is 8.46 mm and 8.32 mm. CONCLUSION: The profile of chemical compounds by thin layer chromatography method showed that the compounds contained in the Lidah Mertua leaves were polifenol, steroids and alkaloids. The antibacterial activity show that n-hexane extract does not provide inhibitory activity, but aethyl acetate extract of lidah mertua leaves inhibited the growth of E. coli and S. aureus.

Traditional medicine is currently being explored and developed widely by various countries because its cost effectiveness and reduced side effects. The green betel (Piper betle Linn.) and the red betel (Piper crocatum Ruiz and Pav.) are plants from the same Piper genus that are widely cultivated in Indonesia and have various phytochemical properties and pharmacological effects. The objective of this research is to determine the cytotoxicity of green leaves and red betel leaves. This research was conducted in two main stages: first, the extraction and preparation through the soxhletation method; second, a cytotoxicity test through the brine shrimp (Artemia salina Leach) lethality test (BSLT). The results showed that there were lethal concentration 50 % (LC50) value in both green betel leaves ethanolic extract and red betel leaves ethanolic extract, with 44.975 μg per mL and 31.556 μg per mL, respectively. The red betel (leaves ethanolic extract has a higher cytotoxicity than green betel (leaves ethanolic extract which can be seen from the lower lethal concentration of 50% (LC50) value. The difference in cytotoxicity is due to differences in plant varieties that cause variations in phytochemical content which affects the pharmacological effects. The green betel leaves ethanolic extract and the red betel leaves ethanolic extract are cytotoxic and have potential anticancer properties.

No abstract

Recently, drug resistance because of widespread abuse and uncontrol use of antibiotics has become an increasingly difficult problem, with the result that making the development of alternative antimicrobial very urgent handling. Aim of this study was to investigate chemical compounds and antimicrobial activity of outer layers (skin) of red onion bulbs from various extracts using different solvents according to their polarity. In this study, outer layers (skin) of onion (Allium cepa L.) bulbs extract by directly maceration method with methanol as solvent and stratified maceration method based on solvent polarity (hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol). Analysis of chemical compound of hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extract carried by thin layer chromatography. Phytochemical screening carried out on outer layers of onion (Allium cepa L.) bulbs in simplicia powder. An antimicrobial activity using agar well diffusion method. The culture of microorganism used were Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29737, Escherichia coli ATCC 10536 and Candida albicans ATCC 10231. Phytochemistry screening positive results of simplicia were showed against the class secondary metabolites of chemical compounds, namely alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, triterpenoids and tannins but not contained anthraquinone glycosides and cyanogenic glycosides. Analysis of chemical compounds of hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extract produced different chemical compounds, namely triterpenoids and steroids (for hexane extract), polyphenols and alkaloids (for ethyl acetate extract), triterpenoids, polyphenols and alkaloids (for methanol extract). Data showed that extract from stratified maceration method using methanol provided the most extensive inhibitory diameter. Extract of directly maceration method using methanol and extract of stratified maceration method using ethyl acetate showed not so different antimicrobial activity, whereas for an extract from stratified maceration method using hexane was not provide antimicrobial activity at all.

Male infertility has occurred rapidly in the last few decades, primarily in developing countries. An antioxidant, hesperetin is a flavonoid that is found in abundance in orange peels. The aims of this research were to determine the effect of hesperetin on blood sugar levels, spermatozoaquality, and spermatozoa quantity. The research structure included induction of diabetes mellitus and treatment for 8 weeks, followed bydetermination of blood sugar levels, spermatozoa quality, and spermatozoa quantity. Hesperetin has the ability to restore blood sugar levels, spermatozoa quantity, seminiferous tubules diameter, and testicular weight, volume, and germinal epithelial layer thickness with significant difference from the normal control group. Hesperetin did not fully restore spermatozoa motility, viability, and morphology with significant difference from the normal control group, nor from the positive control group. However, overall, hesperetin decreased blood glucose levels, increased spermatozoa quantity, and improved the spermatozoa quality in alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus mice. Dose-dependent activity was observed with the optimum dose at 200 mg/kg body weight.