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Flavonols, anthocyanins, and chalcones were determined during the flowering phase in two genotypes of Cosmos sulphureus (regular species and its cultivar ‘Cosmic Orang’) grown in the М.М. Gryshko National Botanical Garden in Kyiv. Inflorescences, leaves, stems, roots, and separated ray and disc florets were dried and crushed to prepare extracts following three different techniques. In particular, with 80 % (v/v) ethanol following Andreeva & Kalinkina (2000), 3.5 % HCl following Kriventsov (1982), and 0.1 N HCl following Udovenko (1988). The absorbance of flavonoids was measured at 390 nm wavelength for flavonols, 530 nm – for anthocyanins, and 364 nm – for chalcones. The highest content of flavonols was found in inflorescences of both genotypes (87.79 ± 1.64 and 87.99 ± 1.75 mg / 100 g of dry weight (DW), respectively). The content of anthocyanins was found to be ranked by overground organs: inflorescences > leaves > stems. In particular, the content of anthocyanins in the inflorescences of these two genotypes was 188.95 ± 5.20 and 177.14 ± 6.81 mg / 100 g DW, respectively. In the leaves, the content of anthocyanins was 61.32 ± 1.97 and 41.33 ± 2.27 mg / 100 g DW, respectively. In the stems, the content of anthocyanins was 31.63 ± 1.16 and 25.31 ± 0.95 mg / 100 g DW, respectively. In the roots, the anthocyanins were not detected. Among the flavonoids, the highest content, in general, was found for anthocyanins. Similarly, chalcones were also localized in overground organs only and mostly in the inflorescences (39.65 ± 1.25 and 37.93 ± 0.88 mg / 100 g DW, respectively). The content of chalcones in the leaves and stems was much lower than the content of the anthocyanins and flavonols; it significantly varied for two investigated genotypes. During the detailed investigation of the flavonoids content in different parts of the inflorescence, it was found that disc florets in both genotypes had fewer flavonoids than the ray florets.
The content of anthocyanins and chalcones in a decorative small-fruited Apple trees and hybrids of Apple trees cultivars of Vydubetska plakucha from the collection of the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of NAS of Ukraine in the conditions of Northern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine was investigated. The study was conducted during periods of active shoot growth and winter dormancy in connection with the adaptive capacity of plants. In the result of the study it was found that a decorative small-fruited Apple trees, that have purple color of leaves, contain a large number of anthocyanins, which cause the bright color. Based on the results of the analysis was found the highest content of anthocyanins in the cultivar Everest, and the lowest -in the cultivar John. Noted that the content of chalcones of the decorative purple hybrids of Apple trees of Vydubetska plakucha variety doesn't have such sharp differences as to the content of anthocyanins. This again confirms the fact that the purple color of the shoots is due to anthocyanins. It is also established that between the content of anthocyanins and chalcones in the shoots of Apple hybrids, cultivars of Vydubetska plakucha found a correlation. The correlation coefficient of 0.84. This suggests that anthocyanins and chalcones belong to the stress metabolites, the biosynthesis of which is activating during action on vegetable organism to adverse environmental factors, they can serve as biochemical markers of the level of adaptability of the species to stressful conditions. In addition, the description of the Vydubetska plakucha cultivars and hybrids with its participation in the collection of the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of NAS of Ukraine.Keywords: apple; forms; hybrids; cultivars; ornamental apple trees; anthocyanins; chalcones Вступ У другій половині ХХ ст. науковими співробітниками Національного ботанічного саду ім. М.М. Гришка НАН України (НБС) на території Видубицького Михайлівського монастиря, який розташований поряд із НБС, було знайдено сорт яблуні, який назвали ῾Видубицька плакуча̓ , цікавий, з оригінальною плакучою формою крони. Виявилося, що ознака «плакучість» зберігається і при щепленні на штамб. Аби дослідити як передається форма крони при
The genetic pool of the cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) at the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden (NBG) of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine includes more than 100 specimens collected from wild and cultivated plants in Ukraine, and cultivars of Bulgarian, Slovak, English, Austrian and Georgian selection. The genetic pool of cornelian cherry of the NBG presents a rich variety of biological and economic properties. Data on the content of anthocyanins and flavonols in the fruits of Cornus mas cultivars with early, medium and late fruit maturation periods are presented. The fruits of the Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc. (CO-01, CO-02) and the hybrid Cornus mas × Cornus officinalis (cultivars Etude No 1 and No 2) were also studied. As a result of the study, it was found that the content of anthocyanins and flavonols in the fruits of Cornus has a significant difference in cultivars. Among C. mas cultivars with early fruit ripening, the most promising as a source of bioflavonoids preparations are 'Pervenets' and 'Volodimirskij', among C. mas cultivars with an average fruit ripening period, the most promising are the cultivars Mrіya Shajdarovoi, Vydubetskyi and Titus, among the C. mas cultivars with a late fruit ripening period, the most promising are the cultivar Sokoline. Also promising are the hybrid C. mas × C. officinalis (cultivar Etude No. 1 and No. 2). These most promising cultivars and forms must commend for use in the food and medical sectors of the national economy.
Carrying out phenological and biochemical studies, the prospect of using the studied varieties of a thorn in breeding programs for obtaining new adaptive, large-fruited varieties and cultivars have been established. The data on the content of catechins and anthocyanins in the bark, leaves, flowers, and fruits of cultivated plants and wild varieties of Prunus spinosa L. are presented. As a result of the study, it was found that the wild variety of Prunus spinosa has a significantly higher content of anthocyanins and catechins in the above-ground organs than cultural varieties. This indicates a higher adaptive capacity of wild varieties to unfavorable environmental factors in comparison with cultural varieties, as catechins and anthocyanins, as well as other representatives of flavonoids, are used as biochemical markers of species adaptability. According to the content of anthocyanins and catechins can predict the success of the introduction. The highest amount of catechins and anthocyanins found in the leaves. The flowers have the lowest content of anthocyanins and catechins. In the study of the contents of catechins and anthocyanins in fruits of plants cultivated and wild varieties of Prunus spinosa. It was found that the wild variety of Prunus spinosa (genotype Sp1) has the lowest content of catechins in the presence of the highest content of anthocyanins.
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