This study investigates the technique of organising the information obtained during the comparative historical and legal analysis. The main methods of data systematisation include classification and typologization. Classification is manifested in the division of objects into certain classes and can be based on a variety of criteria. Therewith, each individual classification should be performed based only on one feature. In contrast to the classification, typologization can be performed on a set of essential features and is aimed at understanding the essence of the phenomena under study. Any historical and legal typologization depends on the selected criteria. The result of comparative historical and legal analysis can be the production of entire arrays of information, to organise which it is advisable to use methods of cluster analysis. Cluster analysis constitutes a set of techniques that allow classifying multidimensional observations, and its purpose is to create clusters – groups of similar objects. This study also provides an algorithm for using cluster analysis. All the above methods of information systematisation serve as the basis for further evaluation of the data obtained, the main element of which is an explanation. It is in the process of explanation that the essential aspects and relations of the compared historical and legal objects are covered and the internal causal relationship between the studied state and legal phenomena is established. Evaluation of the results of comparative historical and legal research does not end with a simple explanation, but can also continue in scientific forecasting, the logical basis of which is the method of modelling. The process of modelling at the stage of systematisation and evaluation of the results of comparative historical and legal research takes place in several stages, which are also covered in this study
Understanding the effect of vaccination on the body of chickens is impossible without exploring the morphology of the immune defence organs. The purpose of the study was to identify morphological changes in the Harderian gland of the Haysex Brown chickens aged 1, 15, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 120 days under the influence of vaccination. The following methods were used in the study: anatomical, histological, light-optical, morphometric, and statistical. Histological preparations of the Harderian gland of chickens of different ages (1, 15, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 120 days) of the vaccinated and unvaccinated groups were analysed. The features of the organ structure, its lymphoid structures and their types of forms were explored on histological preparations of the chicken Harderian gland. According to histological studies, it was established that this is a complex tubular lobular gland, which consists of secretory lobules with ducts. The interlobular connective tissue contains a significant number of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and other cells. In vaccinated chickens at 25 days of age, the presence of diffuse lymphoid tissue was noted, which was not observed in the control group, and at 50 days of age - the development of a nodular form of lymphoid tissue, the maximum number of which was observed at 100 days of age. In chickens of 75, 100, and 120 days of the age of the experimental group, the amount of lymphoid tissue in the Harderian gland increased, which was noted in the interlobular connective tissue and secretory lobules. It has been proven that the chicken gland, as a peripheral organ of immune defence, is developed at 50 days of age in both the control and vaccinated groups. The study of morphological changes in the Harderian gland of the poultry of different ages is an important tool for the development of preventive vaccination protocols in modern poultry farming. The results of the study should be considered when improving the technology of rearing and exploitation of chickens to ensure high vitality and, accordingly, productivity
Neonicotinoids are a relatively small group of organic compounds that are widely used in crop production as insecticides. They are highly toxic to insects, and much less toxic to mammals, including humans. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of chronic toxicity of insecticides from the group of neonicotinoids Mospilan RP (active substance acetamiprid) and Actara 25 WG (active substance thiamethoxam) on white mice. The chronic toxicity was induced by daily internal introduction of Mospilan RP and Actara 25 WG to mice for 30 days at the doses of 1/10 of Median Lethal Dose reported as 65 and 363 mg/kg of body weight, respectively. The affected mice showed thrombocytosis, neutrophilic leukocytosis, and lymphocytopenia. Blood plasma hyperproteinemia in mice treated with Mospilan RP and Actara 25 WG was characterized by an increase in globulins content by almost 30.0% in both groups. In Mospilan RP and Actara 25 WG treated groups, there was a reduction in urea content by 43.6% and 31.5%, respectively, an increase in aspartate aminotransferase activity by 80% and 60.0%, and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase by 80% and almost 400%, respectively. Compared to the control group, the activity of alanine aminotransferase increased to 23.0% only in mice that were given Mospilan RP but not in mice that were given Actara 25 WG.
The relevance of the topic of the article is determined by the very specific features of coexistence and interaction of central and local authorities, which is expressed in the objective need to find in each case effective mechanisms for balancing and reconciling their interests. The purpose of the article is to study the complex and contradictory processes of the rebuilding period in the USSR, related to the implementation of administrative reform by M.S. Horbachov, in particular, such an important component as the separation of powers between the union and republican bodies of state power and administration. With the use of formal-legal, logical-legal and historical-genetic methods, thorough conclusions are made about the reasons for the failure of M.S. Horbachov in the separation of powers between the center and the seats. Based on the application of the comparative historical and legal method, the peculiarities of administrative reform in some Soviet republics are singled out. The activities of the ruling elite of the USSR aimed at transforming the state mechanism through the redistribution of powers between the union and republican authorities are gradually analysed with the involvement of normative and legal material. The concrete steps of the union republics to declare their sovereignty in the conditions of deteriorating domestic political situation in the USSR are considered. The process of preparation for the adoption by the Soviet republics of the new Union Treaty as a way of overcoming the crisis that engulfed the USSR at the end of the perestroika M.S. Horbachov. The practical value of scientific work is manifested in the following provisions: decentralisation processes through the redistribution of powers between central and local authorities should be comprehensive, well-planned and conducted based on scientifically developed models; professionalism and general competence of elites become a critical factor in the context of large-scale managerial reforms; the category of time is the most important resource during the state and legal transformations in the conditions of intensive technological development
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