Studying the performance of LID devices on a laboratory scale has the advantage of flexible layouts, so that more factors can be tested. However, they do not always correspond to what happens on a real scale of application. This paper focuses on a comparative analysis between two bioretention experimental devices considering field and laboratory scales. Based on this comparison, our understanding can be enhanced to extrapolate the results. Flow rate and duration were used as the main equivalence parameters. However, these parameters were insufficient to ensure similarity in the results. We proposed to include control volume, an application rate and an equivalent net depth as new parameters. Further research should test the variation of these parameters.Keywords: SUDS; Stormwater control; Water retention; Pollutant removal. RESUMOEstudos da performance em laboratório possuem a vantagem de layouts flexíveis, podendo testar mais fatores. No entanto, nem sempre correspondem ao que acontece na escala real de aplicação. Este estudo foca em uma análise comparativa entre dispositivos experimentais de bioretenção em escala de campo e em escala de laboratório. A partir dessa comparação, é possível avançar na compreensão para extrapolação dos resultados. Como principais parâmetros de equivalência, foram utilizados a taxa de fluxo e a duração. No entanto, observou-se que estes parâmetros foram insuficientes para garantia de similaridade nos resultados. Indicamos como novos parâmetros a serem incorporados o volume de controle, taxa de aplicação e altura equivalente útil. Novos estudos com a variação destes parâmetros devem ser feitos.

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RESUMOshow that results are substantially affected by spatial resolution of data and the methodology for obtaining primary indicators. It was also observed that the method to obtain and classify spatial data is crucial to identify the relations between each sanitation component and the incidence of a specific disease, as well as their spatial extent. Within the area studied, most diagnosis are attributed to dengue, hepatitis and leptospirosis, especially dengue over the others. Results were mapped in the studied area by census tract.

Nature-based Solutions (NbS) are presented as an alternative and decentralized solutions with different application scales for problems addressed to urban expansion as water quality reduction and floods. The usage of control strategies and mathematical modeling techniques has shown promising results for optimizing hydraulic and water treatment processes. The Digital Twins (DT) as process integration technology are widely used in industry, and recently these technique usages in urban water systems are showing effective results in both management and planning. However, there is a lack of proper literature definition for DT applied to NbS, especially for stormwater and transboundary water security projects. Thus, this paper sought through a literature review to access the existing conceptual challenges and the DT definition as a framework, identify how the mathematical modeling reported in the literature can improve the DT development, and evaluate the potential benefits associated with the application of DT in NbS.

RESUMOOs sistemas de drenagem urbana no Brasil ainda seguem um padrão baseado apenas em eficiência hidráulica de condutos, apesar de já haver um reconhecimento de que este tipo de abordagem não resolve os problemas no longo prazo; é apenas uma ação pontual e que age sobre os efeitos. Desta forma, os sistemas de drenagem continuam sendo concebidos, dimensionados e projetados para falhar. Apesar de haver grande avanço acadêmico no desenvolvimento de técnicas e abordagens mais integradoras, com foco na bacia hidrográfica e nos impactos da urbanização sobre os processos naturais, ainda não houve apropriação desse conhecimento na prática dos técnicos municipais e tomadores de decisão. Este artigo apresenta uma contextualização da drenagem urbana no Brasil, mostrando os avanços obtidos no conhecimento do problema e os desafios para avançar, também, na aplicação de novas técnicas e metodologias. Foram analisados trabalhos acadêmicos desenvolvidos nos principais centros brasileiros de pesquisa em drenagem urbana -com foco em modelagem de sistemas de drenagem e desenvolvimento de técnicas compensatórias em drenagem urbana -, os principais instrumentos da política urbana e o conhecimento prático de análise de alguns sistemas de drenagem em particular. Observa-se que as incertezas nos parâmetros utilizados em projeto e modelagem ainda são grandes e os manuais utilizados estão defasados, com ausência de metodologias e parâmetros simples para utilização das novas técnicas e abordagens de drenagem urbana e manejo de águas pluviais.Palavras-chave: drenagem urbana, manejo de águas pluviais, déficit em drenagem, sustentabilidade na drenagem urbana ABSTRACT Although traditional drainage systems (based on hydraulic efficiency) limitations are well-known, Brazilian approach is still focused on punctual analyses on the effects and not on sources of flood problems. Hence, developments that consider simplifications on both conception and design, such as constant runoff coefficient (based on projected land use) and average time interval as risk analysis, are "designed to fail". Academic research have resulted in new approaches and drainage techniques, focused on catchment's hydrological processes changes. However, such approach has not been incorporated on municipalities' praxis. This paper presents the state-of-art on Brazilian stormwater drainage, including problems, advances and challenges related to introducing sustainable techniques on urban drainage landscape. Academic papers, Master Plans directives, approaches on flood control and main public policy instruments on sanitation were analyzed. It was observed that uncertainties on parameter definition when drainage systems are designed are still great and that drainage manuals are not up-to-date. Those manuals should include new solutions (techniques, methodologies and parameters for design and evaluation) to change current limited approach to drainage systems (based only on hydraulic efficiency).Keywords: urban drainage, stormwater management, urban drainage deficit, sustainabilit...

Hydrometric measurements undertaken in channels with high velocities are conditioned to the particularities of the flow, which is often characterized by instantaneous fluctuations and disturbances on the free surface. In such cases, the uncertainties associated with velocity fluctuations exceed the precision offered by the instruments that are employed in conventional techniques. A reasonable accuracy of the results is therefore sufficient to accomplish the objective of the measurements. The use of devices based on Pitot's principle in fast open-channel flows could be an effective alternative to conventional velocity meters. This study aimed to develop a Pitot tube in its simplest configuration and evaluate its performance in a laboratory channel at velocities ranging from 0.2 to 2.0 m/s. The uncertainties in the static and total head readings were propagated to the output velocities, showing that the device built has the potential for measurements over 1.2 m/s, but it is not recommended for low velocities (<0.6 m/s). The results were compared to those taken using an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV). The instantaneous velocity readings indicated uncertainties of the same order of magnitude in both instruments. The differences between the mean velocities measured by the Pitot tube and the ADV were restricted to an agreement range of 15%, which is expected to be gradually reduced with further increase in flow velocity. The results showed the similar performances of both devices regarding the higher velocity estimates. Therefore, velocity meters should be developed to employ Pitot devices as an alternative method in high-velocity open-channel flows.Keywords: Hydrometry; Open channel flow; Differential head meters; Pitot tube. RESUMOAplicações de hidrometria em canais com altas velocidades estão sujeitas às condições do fluxo, que geralmente é caracterizado por flutuações instantâneas e perturbações na superfície livre. Nesses casos, as incertezas associadas às flutuações de velocidade superam a precisão oferecida pelos instrumentos empregados nas técnicas convencionais. Uma exatidão razoável dos resultados é, portanto, suficiente para atender ao objetivo das medições. O uso de dispositivos baseados no princípio de Pitot em escoamentos rápidos pode ser uma alternativa eficaz ao uso dos medidores de velocidade convencionais. Este estudo teve por objetivo confeccionar um tubo de Pitot em sua configuração mais simples e avaliar seu desempenho em um canal experimental para velocidades variando no intervalo de 0,2 a 2,0 m/s. As incertezas nas leituras de carga estática e de carga total foram propagadas para as velocidades estimadas, mostrando que o dispositivo construído tem potencial para medições acima de 1,2 m/s, mas não é recomendado para baixas velocidades (<0,6 m/s). Os resultados foram comparados com um Velocímetro Acústico de Efeito Doppler (ADV). As leituras de velocidade instantânea indicaram incertezas de mesma magnitude em ambos os instrumentos. As diferenças entre as velocidades médias estimadas co...

Bioretention is a technique applied to treat and reduce runoff generated in urban areas. Although these facilities present complex processes, a simple model with few parameters can be useful for its project. This paper reports an application of Puls method as a bioretention simulation quantitative tool for events. A bioretention device in real scale was installed and monitored using four level sensors and a tipping-bucket rain gauge, both with data loggers. The method was applied in two ways: the facility as a single reservoir; and the facility as two serial reservoirs. Outflows depended on a single infiltration rate in the first case (K) and two infiltration rates in the second case (K1 and K2). The study used 15 events. Results showed suitable values for Nash-Sutcliffe (NS) and determination coefficients (R2) in the calibration phase, especially for bioretention simulated as a single reservoir, with NS values ranging from 0.64 to 0.95. NS ranged from 0.80 to 0.95 in the calibration phase for the device simulated as two serial reservoirs. The validation phase achieved lower NS and R2 than calibration phase. Despite this, the present study suggests the Puls model as a good option for research on bioretention devices modelling.