Currently, the prospects of effective control management in the development of gray (Botrytis cinerea Pers.) and black rot (Macrophoma flaccida (Viala et Rav.) Cav.), as well as the guaranteed preservation of grape yield, can be achieved with the development of ecological approach - the use of microbiological preparations or substances of biological origin. The antagonistic activity of biological fungicide Serenade ASO, SC (titer not less than 1x109 CFU/ml of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, strain QST 713) was studied in the field research vineyards of the South-Western (SWC) and South Coastal (SCC) viticulture zones of Crimea in 2018-2019. Against the background of weak development of gray rot on bunches of ‘Cabernet-Sauvignon’ grapes (SCC), the maximum biological efficiency was obtained in the variant with five-fold spraying of Serenade ASO, SC, application rate of 5 l/ha and seven days interval. Two-fold protective use of biological preparation Serenade ASO, SC and application rate of 5 l/ha on the plot of ‘Muscat Blanc’ variety (SCC) in 2020 made it possible to control the development of black rot at the level of 76.7-79%. The obtained results indicate good prospects of biological preparation Serenade ASO, SC (titer not less than 1x109 CFU/ml of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, strain QST 713) to control gray and black rot of grapes during ripening, when the use of chemical fungicides is not appropriate due to their lagged effect.
At the modern stage of development, the support of sustainable viticulture is possible having an optimal set of methods and means of effective disease control. Currently, with distribution and development of grape leaf alternariosis, the issue of forming a zonal assortment of fungicides by replenishing with preparations that effectively regulate the causative agent of this grape disease in addition to basic diseases - mildew and oidium, is updated. The paper presents the results of laboratory and field studies aimed at finding effective means of biological and chemical origin to control the development of grape alternariosis. The maximum antifungal activity against Alternaria sp. for the period of 2016-2020 in vitro was showen by 2 biological preparations based on OPS and OST-713 strains of the bacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, as well as by active agents from triazole and strobilurin chemical classes. Field studies of 2018-2020 found out that the minimum values of aternariosis development on leaves were obtained with three-fold application of fungicides Skor, EC (0.4 l/ha), Acrobat Top, WDG (1.5 kg/ha), Dynali, DC (0.6 l/ha), Quadris, SC (0.6 l/ha), Topaz, EC (0.4 l/ha), as well as when using the biological preparation Serenade ASO, SC (5.0 l/ha). The obtained results allow to conclude that fungicides of both biological and chemical origin, intended for protection of grapes from basic diseases, can be used to effectively control grape alternariosis.
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