The spatially explicit assessment of land use and land-use change patterns can identify critical areas and provide insights to improve land management policies and associated decisions. This study mapped the land uses and land-use changes in Lithuanian municipalities since 1971. Additionally, an analysis was conducted of three shorter periods, corresponding to major national land-use policy epochs. Data on land uses, available from the Lithuanian National Forest Inventory (NFI) and collected on an annual basis with the primary objective of conducting greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting and reporting for the land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF) sectors, were explored. The overall trend in Lithuania during the last five decades has been an increase in the area of forest and built-up land and decrease in the area of producing land, meadow/pasture, wetlands, and other land uses. Nevertheless, the development trends for the proportions of producing land and meadow/pasture changed trajectories several times, and the breakpoints were linked with important dates in Lithuanian history and associated with the reorganization of land management and land-use relations. Global Moran’s I statistic and Anselin Local Moran’s I were used to check for global and local patterns in the distribution of land use in Lithuanian municipalities. The proportions of producing land and pasture/meadow remained spatially autocorrelated during the whole period analysed. Local spatial clusters and outliers were identified for all land-use types used in GHG inventories in the LULUCF sector at all the time points analysed. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression was used to explain the land-use change trends during several historical periods due to differing land management policies, utilizing data from freely available databases as the regressors. The percentage of variance explained by the models ranged from 37 to 65, depending on the land-use type and the period in question.
Seasonality in the tourism sector is described as a change in tourism due to seasonal changes or a temporary change in tourist flows. In Lithuania, the tourism seasonality is recognized as a problem requiring a solution. This study has identified that every visitor/traveller who likes nature, prefers nature-based tourism or has plans to spend some time in nature is facing the tourism seasonality in Lithuania. The results of this survey support the idea that the most popular time for nature trips in Lithuania is summer time or the warm light season of the year. There are several reasons why visitors wish to go out to nature: many visitors hope to get good quality and exciting entertainment or educations, others are expecting for nature's aesthetic and other values, including beautiful landscapes and fresh air. Lithuanians usually choose nature trips with family or friends travelling by car for an average 3-7 days. The most of survey respondents plan trips in advance, search for information on the Internet, social networks, or use the recommendations of friends to visit one or another natural object, and almost do not use the services of tourism companies. Interest in one or another natural object and its attendance is primarily determined by weather conditions, activities and educations adapted to the exact season. This survey has shown that people wishing to choose non-seasonal natural tourism facing many problems. Depending on the season, tourism infrastructure could be more suited to all seasons, as well as respondents expect new educations adapted to different seasons or their indoor alternatives. In the recent years, more frequent extreme climate periods (heat, rainfall in summer, cold or wet periods in winter) have begun to change, most often reduce, visitor flows.
SANTRAUKAŠiais laikais turizmo sektorius vystosi itin sparčiai, o turistų srautai visame pasaulyje vis didėja. Siekiant darnos su gamta, populiarėja ekologinis (žaliasis) turizmas. Ekologinis (žaliasis) turizmas -turizmo rūšis, kada pagrindinis kelionės tikslas yra stebėti gamtos ir vietos kultūros apraiškas, nedarant neigiamo poveikio aplinkai ir suteikiant vietos gyventojams galimybę užsiimti socialine ir ekonomine veikla. Lietuvoje potencialo tokiam keliavimui yra labai daug, nes turime daug natūralios, saugomos gamtos, žmogaus nepaliestų zonų, galimybių laisvai stebėti aplinką. Lietuvių, kaip ir dalies europiečių, kultūros šaknys, tradicijos, papročiai yra artimai susiję su gamtos dėsniais. Lietuvoje turime piliakalnių palikimą, Kuršių neriją, unikalius etnografinius kaimus, agrarinę kultūrą, susijusią su žemės dėsniais -jos stebėjimu. Didžiausio turistinio potencialo teritorijos, kuriose prioritetas teikiamas ekologinio (žaliojo) turizmo plėtrai, numatytos 5 regionuose: Pajūrio, Dzūkijos, Rytų Aukštaitijos, Žemaitijos aukštumų ir Nemuno žemupio. Šiame straipsnyje pateikta Ukmergės rajono gamtos išteklių pritaikymo ekologiniam (žaliajam) turizmui analizė.Reikšminiai žodžiai: turizmas, ekologinis (žaliasis) turizmas, gamtos ištek-liai.
The rational use of land should be ensured, soil-friendly agricultural branches should be developed as well as attractive environment for work, living and resting in the countryside should be created in promoting rural development in Lithuania. Areas with favourable natural conditions have a high degree of economic activity, farm size, and economic development. However, not everywhere the natural conditions for the development of agriculture are favourable. The research was carried out in the Giedraičiai rural area of Molėtai district, which deals with the factors influencing the use of land, the declared area of land, the problem of land abandonment. The methods of legal analysis, analysis of literature, analysis, comparison and aggregation of statistical data were used during the research. After the fulfilment of the analysis of the declared area of land during the period between the years 2012 and 2016, it was established that the area of agricultural land declared during the five years increased by 655 hectares, the number of farmers who declared agricultural land decreased by 104, and the number of declared parcels declined even to 1729. The process of the growing of farms is likely to occur. The area of abandoned land in Giedraičiai subdistrict reaches 300 hectares, the number of abandoned areas exceeds 800. Estimating the statistical data and solutions of the general plan of the Molėtai district area preliminary solutions for the management of the territory of the Giedraičiai subdistrict for agriculture and rural development are being provided, i.e. it is planned to implement rural development land use planning projects for the management of farms, and to select a farmhouse farm site. To reduce the abandoned land areas, it is advisable to plan forests, expand the areas of meadows and natural pastures, apply organic farming and adapt the areas for recreation.
Land consolidation is an important stage for agriculture and rural development. During the land reform, parcels of irrational size and shape were formed, which became difficult to cultivate efficiently. In essence, land consolidation projects must primarily be developed in areas with large, viable farms, and land parcels forming land holdings are not compact, distant from each other and from centers. Land consolidation projects have been under development for many years, but it is appropriate to pay attention to the expediency of implemented projects. Land consolidation goals and procedures vary from country to country, as the development of this procedure in each country is determined by historical trends, culture, traditions and land consolidation legislation. Many of those who have analyzed this topic emphasize the need for consolidation, but it is very important that landowners understand the importance of this process and make sure of its opportunities and benefits. Land consolidation must be designed so that the benefits of the project are higher than the results of the conversion works before the project. The purpose of this article is to compare land consolidation projects which were prepared in different areas of Lithuania. Two objects of the research in which land consolidation projects had been carried out and implemented in 2013 were selected, where the number of sites in units decreased: 41.8% in one project and 28% in the other. Changes in parcel configuration were also noticeable, when in one of the projects analyzed even 92 percent of land parcels have become regular - close to rectangular - shapes. The average size of land parcels in this project increased from 5.32 ha to 9.14 ha.
A road is an engineering structure that performs a very important purpose of transportation. Roads are divided into categories that stand out for their importance and significance. One such category is local roads, which are classified in the lowest category. The most common problems that arise with these roads are that on this category of roads due to low traffic, road maintenance is simply not carried out or many such roads are not registered with the State Enterprise Center of Registers, resulting in changes in road boundaries when forming adjacent plots. Discrepancies in the use of local significance roads are observed as well during road cadastral measurements and the preparation of cartographic material. The aim of this article is to analyze the problems of local road use in Šiauliai district Kairiai eldership. The analyzed topic is new, little studied in the domestic and foreign literature, but it is very relevant in production, therefore there is a need to analyze and identify the problems of the use of local significance roads in more detail. During the research, the special plan of the communication system of Kairiai eldership, land management plans and orthophotographic maps were examined. It has been established that Kairiai eldership is classified as a suburban area, which is likely to affect the growth of the local road network, which currently amounts to 120 km. A detailed analysis of the lengths of local roads in Kairiai eldership revealed that the entire network makes up 37 per cent of public roads, 36 per cent of streets and 27 per cent of internal roads. The majority (more than 15 km) of local significance internal roads are made up of gravel pavements. After the cadastral measurements, analysis of territory planning documents and other planned material, it was established that 29 local significance roads were not registered in Kairiai eldership, and instead of the indicative length of 20.8 km of these roads, only 16.7 km were identified, i.e. 4.1 km discrepancy/deficiency detected. Also, during the study, the analysis of territory planning documents and other primary planning material revealed that the following problems of road use are most common: poor road maintenance, improper road use, selfish connection of the road to the existing land plot and road interference with private land plots. In order to avoid certain identified problems, it would be appropriate to set up a kind of monitoring system that would allow the condition of the roads to be monitored and contribute to the planning of their management. It is also very important to oblige landowners to use existing land plots in an orderly manner. Local road management plans are needed with increased funding as well as obliging landowners to use and maintain their land properly.
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