La notion de prétention à la représentation ( representative claim ), proposée notamment par Michael Saward, marque-t-elle un tournant constructiviste dans l’étude de la représentation politique ? L’idée selon laquelle le représentant impose une identité au représenté existait déjà chez Hobbes ou Pierre Bourdieu. Mais la théorie politique anglo-américaine, particulièrement depuis l’ouvrage de Hanna Pitkin, s’appuyait plutôt sur une conception de la représentation comme composition, le représenté préexistant à sa représentation. L’intérêt de l’approche de Saward est d’envisager les prétentions à la représentation comme des propositions qui peuvent être acceptées, refusées ou reformulées par les représentés. Les articles réunis dans ce dossier prennent cette approche au sérieux et la mettent à l’épreuve de terrains divers, faisant ressortir la performativité des prétentions à la représentation, leur caractère instituant et leur inscription dans des rapports de pouvoir.
In 1999, after a heated debate on gender parity in political representation, the French constitution was amended to include the principle of “equal representation” of both sexes. This paved the way for the introduction of gender quotas. In the same period, a bill providing reservations for women at the national level provoked a political crisis in India. The objective of this article is to compare both debates, looking in particular at the way women’s representation was framed. In France, the main argument against quotas was that republican representation should be unitary and transcend social differences, but at the end of the 1990s, women in mainstream politics were seen as one element of the dual nature of human kind, different from other categories such as class or race. In India, the specific representation of certain groups (Dalits, lower castes, tribal groups) had been the traditional framework for political representation since independence in 1947. But when the bill proposed to extend reservations to women, opponents of the project claimed that women did not constitute a category in themselves, and that sex should be intersected with caste and religion for the attribution of quotas. Looking at parliamentary debates, articles, and tribunes supporting or opposing quotas in both countries, we show that the arguments mobilized reveal different conceptions of the political representation of gender difference, which are partly transversal and partly specific to each country.
International audienceIn the last 20 years, research and academic writing on “non-heterosexual” lives, identifications, and sexualities have developed considerably in India, in a context where lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) and queer politics have become more and more visible in the public sphere. When it comes to gender and sexuality, researchers are often activists, and scholarship is highly political. In particular, by documenting non-heterosexual lives, practices, and groups, social scientists participate in the construction of social categories that can be mobilized in the public sphere. Using both Pierre Bourdieu’s and Stuart Hall’s views on representation as a discursive process by which representatives shape the group they claim to represent, this article contends that social scientists are engaged in a “work of representation” when it comes to LGBT and queer individuals and groups. Yet, this process is not without tensions, as there is a deep contradiction between the making of an “object of study” that is spoken about, and the promotion of a political subject, who can speak for him- or herself. Drawing on a corpus of about 45 academic publications on LGBT and queer people and issues in the last 25 years, this article explores the contentious discursive formation of “LGBT” and “queer” as analytical and political categories
Les quotas pour les femmes sont apparus pendant les années 1930 dans les assemblées politiques de la colonie des Indes britanniques, et existent toujours en Inde et au Pakistan. Selon une approche socio-historique, cet article retrace l’évolution de l’enjeu de la représentation politique des femmes dans ces deux pays, depuis la période coloniale jusqu’à nos jours. La notion de representative claim permet d’analyser la façon dont les autorités coloniales puis nationales de ces pays ont constitué les femmes en catégorie politique légitime, ayant le droit à être représentée via des sièges réservés. À partir d’un ensemble de documents d’archives (rapports de comités, débats constitutionnels et parlementaires), ainsi que d’une série d’entretiens, cet article montre que la mise en œuvre de quotas pour les femmes s’inscrit dans un processus de légitimation du système représentatif et, au-delà, de l’autorité de l’État.
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