RESUMO -Este estudo relata o emprego de um sistema lingüístico em miniatura para investigar a aprendizagem de leitura. Vinte estudantes de graduação (10 da área de exatas e 10 de humanas) aprenderam a relacionar fi guras e pseudo-palavras impressas às correspondentes pseudo-palavras ditadas, em tarefas de discriminação condicional realizadas em computador. Sessões de ensino foram intercaladas com testes de leitura de palavras novas, formadas pela recombinação de elementos das palavras ensinadas (generalização recombinativa). Nove estudantes de exatas e quatro de humanas apresentaram leitura recombinativa após a aprendizagem de 12 palavras. Os escores em leitura de palavras novas aumentaram à medida que aumentava o número de palavras ensinadas. Ambos os achados podem ser interpretados como efeitos de experiências de aprendizagem com relações simbólicas. As diferenças entre estudantes das áreas de humanas e exatas podem também refl etir fatores motivacionais.Palavras-chave: aprendizagem de leitura; sistema lingüístico em miniatura; quantidade de treino; ciências exatas e humanas; universitários. Individual Differences in Reading Acquisition with a Miniature Linguistic SystemABSTRACT -This study reports the use of a miniature linguistic system in order to investigate reading acquisition. Twenty college students, 10 from Natural Sciences and Engineering (NSE) and 10 from Health and Social Sciences (HSS) courses, learned to relate pictures and printed pseudo-words to dictated pseudo-words in conditional discrimination tasks presented by a computer. Teaching sessions were interspersed with tests of reading new words formed by recombination of elements of taught words (generative recombination). Nine students from NSE and four from HSS developed generalized reading after learning 12 relations with pseudo-words. Reading scores of new words increased as number of taught words increased. Both fi ndings could be interpreted as effects of learning experiences with symbolic relations. Differences between the NSE and the HSS students could also refl ect motivational factors.Key words: reading; miniature linguistic system; amount of training; health and social sciences; natural sciences and engineering; college students. Um Sistema Lingüístico em Miniatura (Esper, 1925(Esper, , 1933 consiste de um conjunto de estímulos que variam ao longo de uma ou mais dimensões (e.g., forma, letra, posição) e um conjunto de respostas específi cas a serem emitidas na presença daqueles estímulos (Foss, 1968). Sistemas lingü-ísticos naturais variam em muitas dimensões, como o grau de correspondência entre diferentes estímulos e respostas, o número de elementos e de regras subjacentes ao sistema.Sistemas lingüísticos em miniatura (SLM) têm sido úteis e valiosos para analisar relações funcionais entre variáveis ambientais e desenvolvimento de linguagem (Foss, 1968;Goldstein, 1981Goldstein, , 1983Horowitz & Jackson, 1959;Kennedy, 1972;MacWhinney, 1983;Miller & Ames, 1972;Nation & McLaughlin, 1986;Negata, 1977;Wetherby, 1978), possibilitando a mani...
RESUMO Este ensaio teve como objetivo demonstrar como a questão da vacina, no contexto atual da pandemia de Covid-19, transformou-se em centro de disputa política nacional no Brasil, o que levou o federalismo de cooperação a transformar-se em um federalismo de confrontação. Essa disputa provocou uma tragédia sanitária que colapsou os sistemas públicos e privados de saúde. Embora o País tenha um programa nacional de imunização com uma trajetória consolidada, associado a um sistema de vigilância epidemiológica bem estruturado, isso não foi capaz de evitar o atraso na imunização da população e os problemas na distribuição de doses da vacina, o que contribuiu para recrudescimento da pandemia. A análise do discurso do Presidente Bolsonaro em relação à pandemia, às medidas preventivas e à vacinação contra a Covid-19 mostra que ele privilegiou as interações que se estabeleceram com seus seguidores, buscando deslegitimar a oposição e minar as instituições democráticas. As consequências para o federa- lismo foram demolidoras em relação aos antigos mecanismos de coordenação federativa, mas também inovadoras por propiciar o fortalecimento de mecanismos de coordenação horizontal. O debate sobre o combate à pandemia, portanto, tornou a vacina a principal arena política de disputa por poder.
IntroduçãoEmbora a distribuição de renda no Brasil tenha melhorado nos últimos anos, demonstrada pela queda de 8,5% no coeficiente de Gini 1 entre 1995 e 2005, passando de 0,585 para 0,544, segundo o Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica e Aplicada (Ipea), em 2007, 9,1% das famílias brasileiras viviam em situação de indigência e 25,6% em situação de pobreza. Contudo, a situação de vulnerabilidade dessas famílias não se restringe à insuficiência de renda para suprirem suas necessidades básicas, pois também faltam meios para a inserção no mercado de trabalho ou para o desenvolvimento de alternativas de geração de renda compatíveis com uma existência digna.A superação da pobreza, da desigualdade e da exclusão social no Brasil é umdesafio que extrapola a capacidade de um único nível de governo e requerem a adoção de políticas que incorporem a intersetorialidade e a transversalidade, e consigam atender as demandas dos segmentos excluídos.
Based on the Behavioral Analysis Theory, this study identifies the metacontingencies established by the Bolsa Família Program legislation related to the fulfilling of education and health conditionalities by beneficiary families, and also evaluates the impact of the program, educational services and the characteristics of the families in the achievement of education conditionalities. The Bolsa Família Program is presented as an intervention in an inefficient cultural practice. This cultural practice is constituted by interlocked contingencies that affect school attendance and nutritional status of the poor and extremely poor children, and results in unskilled adults for the labor market, extending the poverty cycle across generations. The analysis of the Bolsa Família Program legislation resulted in the identification of two kinds of metacontingencies: 1) one focused on behavioral change of members of the beneficiary families, in order to achieve aggregate products related to improving the health conditions, increasing educational level and raising the incomes of family members; and 2) other focused on the organization of the education and health conditionalities management, through the behavior chain of civil servants from the three levels of governmentmunicipal, state and federal. Using the multilevel regression analysis statistical method, it was found that the quality of program management in the municipalities and the educational degree of the head of the family affect positively the achievement of education conditionalities.It was also observed that the effects of living in rural areas, of belonging to a traditional community and of having a disabled member in the family vary among municipalities, indicating different forms of local governments deal with these issues in their territory.It was not possible to evaluate the effect of the quality of education services due to difficulties in the interpretation of this variable. Finally, this study is an example of research that combines different methodsfunctional analysis and multilevel regression analysisfocused on one object -the Bolsa Família Program. It helped to minimize the limitations inherent to each of them and allowed to a wider comprehension about the fulfillment of the program conditionatlies.
Background The inequality in the access to health services in Brazil is one of the consequences of the poor distribution of doctors throughout the country. This is observed by the scarcity of these professionals working in primary health care (PHC) in the Brazilian health care system (SUS), particularly in rural and poor suburban areas. This paper analyzes the policies of the Brazilian federal government aiming to increase access to health services by encouraging physicians to work in PHC. The study examines the policies’ effects regarding the availability of doctors, and the participation of Brazilian doctors on the “Mais Médicos” Project, leading to recommendations for future strategies. Methods The research combined a scope review, based on documents produced by the federal government, and analysis of secondary data obtained from the Ministry of Health, as well as from official websites of the Brazilian government. Results The results indicate advances in innovative strategies to expand the number of physicians, increasing the availability of these professionals, and PHC coverage. However, it is still necessary to fight the scarcity of professionals and fill healthcare positions primarily in municipalities far from urban centers, poor and suburban areas, and Special Indigenous Sanitary Districts. Conclusions Improving health coverage in Brazil through strengthening primary health care will require further efforts to overcome the challenge of attracting and retaining doctors to work in disadvantaged areas, increasing the availability and accessibility of health workers. In addition, new policies need to emphasize the participation of other health professionals such as nurses, auxiliary nurses, and community health agents, as well as incorporate new technology able to reduce distances between health professionals and users of the Brazilian health care system.
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