The article presents methodological aspects of anthropometric assessment of nutritional status in children under five years of age and their biological mothers. It discusses the strategies used for training and data collection in the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019). ENANI-2019 is a population-based household survey conducted in 123 municipalities in Brazil’s 26 states and the Federal District. The anthropometric measurements were body mass and length/stature. The equipment was purchased according to its measurement capacity and precision, portability, and cost-benefit ratio after an extensive market search. The study used internationally established procedures described in manuals, videos, and support material developed for the study by a group of experts. The interviewers were trained to perform the anthropometric measurements and were assessed according to technical measurement error, which was considered adequate (0.30cm) for the children’s length/stature measurements. Measurement errors were identified, and the interviewers were retrained when necessary. Of the 14,558 children in the sample, body mass and length/stature measurements were taken in duplicate in 13,835 and 13,693 children, respectively. The standardized methodological aspects will be helpful in future population studies and were essential for obtaining greater reliability in the data for generating current evidence on the anthropometric assessment of the nutritional status of Brazilian children under five years of age, allowing new perspectives for public policy development.
Resumo Objetivo: avaliar a tendência do nível de atividade física ocupacional (Nafo) e o estado nutricional (EN) de adultos (≥ 20 anos) em pesquisas nacionais brasileiras realizadas ao longo de quatro décadas. Métodos: os dados declarados da ocupação principal foram estratificados em três Nafo (leve, moderado e pesado) segundo as classificações vigentes à época das pesquisas. O EN foi determinado segundo a classificação da OMS baseada no índice de massa corporal (IMC, kg.m-2) como baixo peso (IMC < 18,5), adequado (18,5 ≤ IMC < 25) e sobrepeso (IMC ≥ 25). Todas as estimativas foram calculadas usando os pesos amostrais das pesquisas. Resultados: a população com ocupação declarada aumentou no período, com mais Nafo moderado nos anos 1970 e migrando para Nafo leve ao final dos anos 2000. A prevalência de baixo peso diminuiu e a de sobrepeso aumentou substancialmente para todas as categorias de Nafo. O sobrepeso variou de 27,6 a 49,7% no Nafo leve e de 12,7 a 43,3% no Nafo pesado. Conclusões: apesar da limitação do estudo (atividade física estimada pela ocupação declarada sem considerar a evolução/modificação dos processos de trabalho), conclui-se que os trabalhadores no Brasil apresentam balanço energético positivo independente do Nafo.
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