Kalimantan Barat is one of the individual provinces in Kalimantan due to its diverse geographical elevation among all districts. Mountains and hills dominate the districts near the border; lowlands and river banks dominate the urban areas. A geographical indication is a barrier to economic growth, as a simple growth from limited transportation. Efforts to optimize the economic sector are also carried out in forest management, including Kalimantan Barat as one of the world's lungs. The conversion of forest land functions is suspected to increase economic growth even though it must balance nature. This study aims to determine the significance of altitude as a fixed geographical indicator and forest density as a natural condition that can vary according to human activities. The height of area data and forest density, and the average economic growth in 14 districts/cities in Kalimantan Barat uses the Panel Least Square method. As a result, area height has a negative and significant effect on economic growth, whereas forest density has no such relationship. Simultaneously, both variable is having a substantial impact on economic growth in Kalimantan Barat.
Introduction: Iron and vitamin D are two essential nutrients which constitute an important worldwide health issue due to their significant roles in biochemistry. The present study was conducted to assess the prevalence and risk of anemia in a population of subjects with documented D25 deficiency compared with those with normal D25 levels. Material and Methods: The present case control study was conducted among 100 subjects (50 were cases and 50 were controls) in the department of Medicine at Chattrapati Shivaji Subharti Hospital. Total serum 25(OH)D concentration was analyzed using commercially available ELISA kits. According to the manufacturer's instructions, concentrations of 25(OH)D below 25 nmol/L were classified as a deficiency, and values of 25-75 nmol/L were considered a vitamin D insufficiency. Difference between two groups was determined using chi square test and student T test for categorical data and continuous data respectively. P-value of <0.05 was considered as significant. Results: Hb<13 was found in 75% of the case group (male) and 25% of the control group (male). Hb<12 was found in 64.29% of the case group (female) and 45.45% of the control group (female). Mean iron (μg/dl) among the male and female case group was less as compared to the control group with statistically significant difference as p<0.05. Conclusions: The results of the present study showed that Vitamin D metabolism is dependent on iron and its deficiency might disturb Vitamin D activation.
Introduction: Epidural anaesthesia and analgesia has justified use in the perioperative care of high-risk surgical patients, as they give better analgesia, and also improved outcome. Thoracic Epidural analgesia is an excellent method of postoperative and post injury pain control in procedures involving significant thoracic and abdominal injury weather traumatically or surgically induced. Though Bupivacaine is considered to be the drug of choice, many other agents are being used for epidural anesthesia. Material and Methods: This study was carried out on 105 ASA grade I and II nulliparous patients, between 20 to 70 years of age undergoing laparotomy, voluntary donor nephrectomy and renal surgeries. They were randomly divided in the Buprenorphine, Bupivacaine and Fentanyl Groups. Quality of analgesia and post-operative complications were monitored. Results: Analgesic failure was observed in all the three Groups. But complete pain relief was better in the Buprenorphine Group. Also, complications (hypotension, bradycardia, sedation) were less in the Buprenorphine Group than in the Bupivacaine and Fentanyl Groups. Conclusion: Buprenorphine is safer and provides better quality analgesia than Bupivacaine and Fentanyl.
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