Vesicular drug delivery system can be defined as highly ordered assemblies consisting of one or more concentric bilayers formed as a result of self-assembling of amphiphilic building blocks in presence of water. Vesicular drug delivery systems are particularly important for targeted delivery of drugs because of their ability to localize the activity of drug at the site or organ of action thereby lowering its concentration at the other sites in body. Vesicular drug delivery system sustains drug action at a predetermined rate, relatively constant (zero order kinetics), efficient drug level in the body, and simultaneously minimizes the undesirable side effects. It can also localize drug action in the diseased tissue or organ by targeted drug delivery using carriers or chemical derivatization. Different types of pharmaceutical carriers such as polymeric micelles, particulate systems, and macro- and micromolecules are presented in the form of novel drug delivery system for targeted delivery of drugs. Particulate type carrier also known as colloidal carrier system, includes lipid particles, micro- and nanoparticles, micro- and nanospheres, polymeric micelles and vesicular systems like liposomes, sphingosomes, niosomes, transfersomes, aquasomes, ufasomes, and so forth.
Cancer is defined as an uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells. Current treatment strategies for cancer include combination of radiation, chemotherapy and surgery. The long-term use of conventional drug delivery systems for cancer chemotherapy leads to fatal damage of normal proliferate cells and this is particularly used for the management of solid tumors, where utmost tumor cells are not invaded quickly. A targeted drug delivery system (TDDS) is a system, which releases the drug at a preselected biosite in a controlled manner. Nanotechnology based delivery systems are making a significant impact on cancer treatment and the polymers play key role in the development of nanopraticlulate carriers for cancer therapy. Some important technological advantages of nanotherapeutic drug delivery systems (NDDS) include prolonged half-life, improved bio-distribution, increased circulation time of the drug, controlled and sustained release of the drug, versatility of route of administration, increased intercellular concentration of drug and many more. This review covers the current research on polymer based anticancer agents, the rationale for development of these polymer therapeutical systems and discusses the benefits and challenges of cancer nanomedicines including polymer-drug conjugates, micelles, dendrimers, immunoconjugates, liposomes, nanoparticles.
Bilayer tablets are novel drug delivery systems where combination of two drugs in a single unit having different release profiles can be delivered. Bilayer tablets improve patient compliance, prolong the drug(s) action and can deliver two incompatible drugs in a single formulation. Bilayer tablets have one layer of active ingredient for immediate release and a second layer for delayed release, either as a second dose or in an extended release fashion. Bilayer tablets are advancing helpful technologies to overcome the disadvantages of single-layered tablets. However, bilayer tablet technology is resource-intensive. A thorough selection of excipients and manufacturing conditions for each technical stage is also required. Patients with high blood pressure often have difficulty or are unable to regulate their BP with just a single medication. The majority of hypertension patients will need to take two or more antihypertensive medicines in order to meet treatment goals. Combinations of antihypertensive drugs from various categories have been found to be more effective than either drug alone in treating hypertension in people whose blood pressure cannot be maintained satisfactorily with monotherapy. Combining two antihypertensive medications with mutually beneficial mechanisms of action may result in much greater blood pressure lowering efficacy than any of these components alone. The goal of this review is to discuss the use of bilayer tablets to administer fixed antihypertensive drug combinations for the treatment of high blood pressure. Keywords: Bilayer tablet, blood pressure, antihypertensive drugs, Sustained release, maintenance dose.
Ophthalmic drug delivery systems are both fascinating and problematic due to the normal physiological properties of the eyes, which restrict ocular product bioavailability. The development of novel ocular dosage forms for current drugs in order to enhance efficacy and bioavailability, as well as patient compliance and convenience, has become a major focus in the pharmaceutical business. Ocular In-situ gelling systems are a novel type of eye drug delivery systems that begin as a solution but rapidly convert into a thick gel when implanted or inserted into an ocular cavity where active pharmaceuticals are continually delivered. This sol-to-gel phase conversion is influenced by a range of variables, including variations in pH, the presence of ions, and temperature fluctuations. Post-transplantation gel is chosen for its viscosity and bio adhesive qualities, which prolongs the gel's presence in the ocular area and also ensures that the medicine is released slowly and continuously, in contrast to typical eye drops and ointments. This article provides an overview of situ gels, their numerous techniques of gelling, the many types of polymers utilized in situ gels, their gel-based methodologies, and the polymeric testing of situ gels. KEYWORDS: Ophthalmic, In situ gel, bioavailability, polymers, novel, sol-to-gel phase
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