Tomatoes are affected by fungi of the genera Fusarium and Alternaria, reducing the quantity and quality of the fruit.Since plant extracts are an alternative for the control of phytopathogenic fungi, the antifungal effect of Salmea scandens extracts was evaluated against Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria solani and the functional groups of the chemical constituents were identified.The aqueous extracts were obtained by three techniques (soxhlet, assisted ultrasound and maceration) and three solvents (water, acetone and ethyl ether), these were evaluated against F. oxysporum in poisoned medium and A. solani in tomato fruit. The functional groups were identified by the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) technique. The best extraction technique for S. scandenswas soxhlet with all three solvents. Maceration-acetone extracts at concentrations of 4000 and 5000 ppm showed increased antifungal activity against F. oxysporum and A. solani. The FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones and aromatic compounds as the possible responsible for the antifungal activity.S. scandensextracts have a high potential to be used as a preventive treatment in the control of F. oxysporum and A. solani.
Highlights
The highest mass/volume extraction efficiency yield was with the soxhlet technique using water as a solvent.
Extracts obtained by maceration-acetone technique, caused the strongest Fusarium oxysporum inhibition.
The maceration-acetone extract at 5000 ppm, showed higher inhibition of A. solani mycelial growth than the commercial fungicide Hymexazol.
La ganadería se enfrenta a cambios y desafíos ambientales y socioeconómicos, por lo que resulta indispensable conocer la conformación de los sistemas de producción y sus limitantes, que permitan el desarrollo de una gestión integral en las unidades productivas. El objetivo de esta investigación fue caracterizar unidades de producción ganaderas e identificar los factores que inciden en el manejo de los sistemas pecuarios en dos áreas de la región Frailesca, Chiapas, México. Usando un muestreo del tipo no probabilístico, y a través de un cuestionario estructurado se obtuvo información sobre variables socio tecnológicas de las unidades ganaderas. Se aplicó un análisis de componentes principales, y un análisis de conglomerados empleando el método de Ward y la Distancia Euclidiana. Se contrastaron las variables entre los conglomerados identificados mediante análisis de varianza de una sola vía (ANOVA). Los grupos encontrados fueron en transición (29.16%), silvopastoril (20.83%) y convencional (50%). Los sistemas ganaderos, en general, son convencionales caracterizados por una baja adopción tecnológica; sin embargo, las unidades de producción silvopastoriles cuentan con una adopción tecnológica más alta, lo que le permite tener una mayor capacidad productiva. Los productores en transición se caracterizan por tener más años como ganaderos, y también por disponer mayor superficie forestal y agrícola.
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