This article presents a two-phase study exploring the usage of technology in higher education as well as the role of the general innovativeness in predicting the actual use of technology. During the first phase of the study, which involved 502 staff members, a descriptive analysis of their usage of social media, technological devices, and Microsoft Office 365 cloud services was performed, with various demographic variables being considered. During the second phase, which involved a subsample of 106 staff members, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to examine a model in which the general innovativeness and the demographic variables acted as predictors of the actualized innovativeness. The results showed that the staff used social media, devices, and cloud services quite satisfactorily. The examination of their user profiles revealed that there were significant differences among the staff members on the basis of their demographic variables, especially their gender, job type, and discipline. The results of the SEM showed that the general innovativeness contributed positively, as was expected, to predicting the adoption of devices, non-academic social networking sites and Office 365 cloud services. The results further suggested that males were early adopters of devices, while academics were early adopters of commercial services and academic social networking sites. However, the academics appeared to lag behind the administrators in terms of adopting Office 365 cloud services. The implications of the study and directions for future research are also presented.

Main purpose of this paper is to review and synthesize the attributes of loose and tight coupling in educational organizations. In addition, it is aimed to determine whether this phenomenon has value and strategies to offer for the current educational administration and research. Integrative literature review, and content analysis, assisted by Atlas.ti software, were used as the methods of this paper. Review data included 32 articles from peer reviewed journals.In the findings, conceptual framework of Continuum of organizational couplings in educational organizations was generated. Elements of the framework include the features of coupling concepts within the continuum, components of couplings, contributory types of organizational couplings, and the elements of leadership and change process with emerging strategies, as well as the element of cultural context. In this paper, elements of continuum of couplings and leadership will be emphasized. Findings of this paper have practical implications for the management and leadership in educational organizations, and for the researchers in the field for future research purposes. In addition, findings have social implications for both teaching staff and administration in educational organizations by highlighting the attributes of loose and tight coupling, and their connections with leadership, change process and cultural context. The paper presents a distinctive synopsis of the educational administration literature, in the context of loose and tight coupling, with the time span of four decades.

Oura Health Ltd.'s provided the surveillance smart rings for the study, but did not participate in the analysis. The manuscript in question is published as a preprint in bioRxiv, but we guarantee that it does not infringe any subsequent copyright or license agreement. 3We would like to thank all study subjects for their participation in the study. We also thank Tuomas Konttajärvi for assistance in measurements and preprocessing of EEG data, Jani Häkli, Annastiina Kivipää, Tarja Holtinkoski, Aleksi Rasila, Taneli Hautaniemi, Miia Lampinen and others who assisted in measurements or otherwise contributed. We are grateful for devices and data provided by Oura. We wish to acknowledge Jussi Kantola for data management and reconstruction of MREG data, the CSC -IT Center for Science Ltd.

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