Introduction. The results of estimating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by a vehicle fleet are described, using the COPERT-4 methodology and the baseline data contained in 1-BDD form, concerning the number of vehicle fleets in Russia and three options for detailing the fleet structure by the fuel type and ecological class in different organizations. Such data is not provided in the forms of state statistical reports and is generated by the researchers.Materials and methods. Various approaches to the structuring of the park by the fuel type and the ecological class give a slight variation in the values of GHG emissions’ gross (up to 4.1%), which confirms the correctness and approaches’ validity to the generation of the required initial data. The authors introduce the concept of total conditional transport work in order to adjust the values of the average annual mileage to the generation of the required initial data in the calculation of GHG emissions gross by the fleet of cars. Moreover, the value of total conditional transport work for all considered GHG variants should be the same.Results. As a result, if such adjustment is not made, the difference between the obtained calculated values of GHG emissions gross by the vehicle fleet for different authors would reach 25-30%. Discussion and conclusions. The reliability of the GHG emission values estimation is confirmed by the indirect method or by comparing the data of statistical reporting on the volumes of motor fuel consumption depending on different consumers in the fuel and energy balance, and on the fuel consumption values, and on the greenhouse gas emissions gross by the COPERT-4 method.
The work is devoted to the study of the climatic effects of black carbon (BC) transferred from forest fires to the Arctic zone. The HYSPLIT (The Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model) trajectory model was used to initially assess the potential for particle transport from fires. The results of the trajectory analysis of the 2019 fires showed that the probability of the transfer of particles to the Arctic ranges from 1% to 10%, and in some cases increases to 20%. Detailed studies of the possible influence of BC ejected as a result of fires became possible by using the climate model of the INMCM5 (Institute of Numerical Mathematics Climate Model). The results of the numerical experiments have shown that the maximum concentration of BC in the Arctic atmosphere is observed in July and August and is associated with emissions from fires. The deposition of BC in the Arctic increases by about 1.5–2 times in the same months, in comparison with simulation without forest fire emissions. This caused an average decrease in solar radiation forcing of 0.3–0.4 Wt/m2 and an increase in atmospheric radiation heating of up to 5–6 Wt/m2. To assess the radiation forcing from BC contaminated snow, we used the dependences of the change in the snow albedo on the snow depth, and the albedo of the underlying surface for a given amount of BC fallen on the snow. These dependences were constructed on the basis of the SNICAR (Snow, Ice, and Aerosol Radiative) model. According to our calculations, the direct radiative forcing from BC in the atmosphere with a clear sky is a maximum of 4–5 W/m2 in July and August.
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