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Argon-supported inductively coupled plasmas operated at atmospheric pressures are excellent vaporization-atomization-excitation-ionization sources for analytical atomic emission spectroscopy. When a polychromator is used for observing the emitted spectra, the metals and metalloids can be determined simultaneously at the ultratrace, trace, minor, and major concentration levels under one set of experimental parameters. Alternatively, programmable scanning spectrometers may be utilized for sequential determinations. The atomization-excitation process is remarkably free of interelement interactions, the powers of detection are in the part per billion range for most elements, and sample manipulation requirements prior to analyses are often minimal. The technique meets the requirements of an analytical system for the simultaneous or sequential determination of the elements at all concentration levels to an unusual high degree.

The prominent lines of 70 elements as emitted in an inductively coupled plasma excitation source have been identified. The lines are listed alphabetically by element and numerically by wavelength. Detection limit capabilities are estimated for each spectral line.

Mixture A, % Mixture 8. % RESULTSRecently we showed that sulfonation of n-toluenesulfonic acid in fuming sulfuric acid leads to the formation of 2,5-, 3,4-, and 3,5-toluenedisulfonic acid (11). It was there-(22) H. This paper describes a compact inductively coupledtype of source has been eliminated, and pneumatic nebuplasma-optical emission system for the trace determinalization is employed in place of the more elaborate ultration of metallic elements in solution. Theoretical consid-sonic method. Some characteristics of the plasma are erations are presented to determine operating parameters reported. Detection limits are in the range 0.1 -1 0 ng/ml which agree well with the empirically determined values.for most elements studied. The present facility is readily The aerosol desolvation system commonly used with this adaptable to simultaneous multielement trace analysis.

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Optical Emission SpectroscopyCombustion flames provide a remarkably simple means for converting inorganic analytes in solution into free atoms. It is only necessary to introduce an aerosol of the solution into an appropriate flame, and a fraction or all of the metallic ions in the aerosol droplets are eventually converted into free atoms. Once the free atoms are formed, they may be detected and determined quantitatively at the trace

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