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PurposeOne of the most important tools against foot-and-mouth disease, a highly contagious and variable viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals, is vaccination. However, the effectiveness of foot-and-mouth disease vaccines on slowing the spread of the disease is questionable. In contrast, high potency vaccines providing early protection may solve issues with the spread of the disease, escaping mutants, and persistency. To increase the potency of the vaccine, additives such as saponin and aluminium hydroxide are used. However, the use of saponin with an oil adjuvant is not common and is sometimes linked to toxicity. QS-21, which is less toxic than Quil A, has been presented as an alternative for use with saponin. In this study, the addition of QS-21 to a commercially available foot-and-mouth disease water-in-oil-in-water emulsion vaccine was evaluated in cattle.Materials and MethodsAfter vaccination, serum samples were collected periodically over 3 months. Sera of the QS-21 and normal oil vaccine groups were compared via serum virus neutralization antibody titre and liquid phase blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antibody titre.ResultsThe results showed that there was a significant early antibody increase in the QS-21 group.ConclusionStrong early virus neutralizing antibody response will be useful for emergency or ring vaccinations against foot-and-mouth disease in target animals.

Foot-and-mouth disease is one of the most important viral diseases of cloven-hoofed animals. Mass vaccination is an effective method to control the disease and is frequently utilized in endemic regions. Sufficient protection of young animals is important in mass vaccination campaigns. Maternal antibodies negatively affect the success of vaccination. Hence, determination of the optimal vaccination age is crucial for the uninterrupted protection of young animals. This study was performed to identify the effect of vaccine potency and booster administration on serum neutralizing antibody titers of calves with different levels of maternal antibodies. Calves (n = 111) on a state farm were used in this study. Oil adjuvant foot-and-mouth disease vaccines with 3 PD50 and 6 PD50 potencies were used with or without booster administration. Serum samples were collected each month up to day 120 postvaccination. Virus neutralization tests were used to measure the serum neutralizing antibody titers and estimate the protection period by using pre-determined cut-off values for protection. The results revealed that a vaccination with a 6 PD50 potency vaccine, preferably followed by a booster dose, should be used to overcome maternal immunity for incessant protection.

Purpose Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and anthrax are important diseases in sheep. Vaccination is a favorable strategy against both infections. Simultaneous administration of vaccines does generally not impede the immune responses of each other, although there are some exceptions, and it may help reduce the labor and costs of vaccination as well as distress on animals. Although oil adjuvant FMD vaccine has been tried with live anthrax vaccine in cattle, there are no reports on the simultaneous use of both vaccines in sheep. Materials and Methods In this study, FMD seronegative sheep were used to investigate the impact of the simultaneous vaccination of FMD and anthrax on FMD antibody titers of sheep. Virus neutralization test and liquid phase blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to determine the antibody response to the FMD vaccine. Results The results demonstrated that both vaccines can be used simultaneously without any interference with the FMD response. Moreover, the simultaneous administration with anthrax vaccine had a stimulating effect on the early (day 7 post-vaccination) virus neutralization antibody response to the FMD vaccine. Conclusion The simultaneous use of the FMD and anthrax vaccines did not hinder the response to the FMD vaccine in sheep.

Winter dysentery (WD) is a very contagious disease of cattle characterized by profuse diarrhea. The precise etiology of disease is still not fully elucidated. Aim of the presented study was investigation of the causative agents of disease in a herd affected by WD and to evaluate routine haematological and biochemical parameters of cows with WD. This study was carried out on blood and fecal samples collected from 12 cows showing typical signs of disease during an outbreak of WD in Bursa, Turkey. Samples were analysed for the presence of bovine coronavirus (BCoV), Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), Eimeria oocysts and Campylobacter spp. using ELISA, RT-PCR, flotation technique and culture. Faecal samples were inoculated in HRT cell cultures for virus isolation. Isolated viruses were identified as coronaviruses from 25% of the samples by ELISA, PCR and serum neutralisation tests. Campylobacter spp. was isolated from 33.3% cows with dysentery. BVD and Eimeria oocysts were not detected in any of the samples. Results of the presented study indicates that BcoV along with Compylobacter spp. may be the primary agent of WD in cows. However negative results for BCoV and Campylobacter spp of 58 % of feacal samples indicates that etiology of the disease is still not fully elucidated and pathogens other than BCoV and Campylobacter could also be involved in pathogenesis of the disease

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals with huge economic losses because of significant decrease of yield. One of the most basic methods in the fight against FMD is vaccination in many countries. Trivalent or tetravalent inactivated FMD vaccines are used in the fight against FMD extensively. Although, FMD vaccine potency mainly depends on FMD antigen amounts in the vaccine composition as micrograms, it has been required to increase immunity against inactivated FMD vaccines with some immunomodulators or immunostimulants like some bacterial or viral antigens. Therefore, this project was designed to investigate the immune-stimulating effect of ecthyma virus in sheep when it was applied together with FMD vaccine either in same formulation or simultaneous injections at different sites of the body. Level of immunity was measured by virus neutralization test (VNT) and liquid phase blocking ELISA (LPBE). According to our results, the highest antibody titers of virus neutralization (VN) and LPB-ELISA were obtained by single administration of FMD vaccine, followed by simultaneous and combined administrations respectively at both day 30 and 60. However, this difference was statistically non significant (p < 0.05). Thus, it could be concluded that the use of ecthyma virus as an immune stimulant did not cause an increase in antibody level against FMD virus.