Graphene has attracted wide consideration in recent years to the assembly of sensitive sensors and biosensors due to its unique and remarkable physical and electrochemical properties. Moreover, graphene, as an essential two‐dimensional carbon material with remarkably high quartz and electronic superiority, has also received significant research attention. This review presents the different synthesis techniques of graphene; graphene functionalized based electrochemical sensors and biosensors for various health care appellations. Further, were discussed on the basis of enhanced catalytic activity, improved detection limit in conjunction with sensitivity, and selectivity. Synergistic action of graphene and metal oxide nanostructure has contributed towards high activity as a biosensing material. The results with different sensors and biosensors for the detection of significant biomarkers such as protein sensor, electrochemical immune sensor, phytochrome sensor, cholesterol biosensor glucose, hydrogen peroxide, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide detection sensor etc., and highlighted the use of graphene and functionalized graphene in different sensing platforms. Finally, the challenges related to less aggregated graphene‐based electrochemical sensors and biosensors as well as future research directions are discussed.
Chemical modification of the surface of a stamp used for microcontact printing (microCP) is interesting for controling the surface properties, such as the hydrophilicity. To print polar inks, plasma polymerization of allylamine (PPAA) was employed to render the surface of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), polyolefin plastomers (POP), and Kraton elatomeric stamps hydrophilic for long periods of time. A thin PPAA film of about 5 nm was deposited on the stamps, which increased the hydrophilicity, and which remained stable for at least several months. These surface-modified stamps were used to transfer polar inks by microCP. The employed microCP schemes are as follows: (a) a second generation of dendritic ink having eight dialkyl sulfide end groups to fabricate patterns on gold substrates by positive microCP, (b) fluorescent guest molecules on beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) printboards on glass employing host-guest recognition, and (c) Lucifer Yellow ethylenediamine resulting in covalent patterning on an aldehyde-terminated glass surface. All experiments resulted in an excellent performance of all three PPAA-coated stamp materials to transfer the polar inks from the stamp surface to gold and glass substrates by microCP, even from aqueous solutions.
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