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The objective of this study was to characterize the reproductive cycle both endocrinologically and behaviorally in ewes. Blood samples were analyzed by EIA for progesterone (P 4 ), and RIA for estradiol in order to determine the breeding strategy of non-pregnant (n = 11) and pregnant (n = 9) White Karaman throughout the year in the Middle Anatolia (39.57 0 N, 32.53 0 W), Turkey. Estrous cycle lengths and estrous lengths were 18.36 ± 1.03 days and 35.16 ± 5.95 hours, respectively. The breeding season durations were 283 ± 63.36 days and 229.64 ± 63.74 days according to hormonal and behavioral data respectively (p ≤ 0.01). The highest and lowest data of estrous occurrence frequency was observed in October and June-July, respectively. P 4 levels ranged from 0.01 to 9.0 ng mL -1 throughout the year and from 0.01 to 0.16 ng mL -1 during anestrous. Mean plasma estradiol levels were 8.42 ± 2.51 pg mL -1 during the estrous cycle. Postpartum anestrous durations were 134.8 ± 18.5 and 120.78 ± 29.89 days (n = 9) according to behavioral observation and hormonal data, respectively. P 4 concentration for the months 1 -5 of the gestation period ranged from 4.54 to 15.08 ng mL -1 . P 4 concentrations in 4 th and 5 th months of gestation were higher than the other months (p ≤ 0.01). White Karaman reproductive activity is characterized by an extended breeding season and their relatively insensitivity to photoperiod stimulation allows for efficient out of season lamb production.Ciclo reprodutivo de ovelhas brancas Karaman: comparação da secreção de hormônio ovariano e do comportamento reprodutivo de ovelhas não gestantes e gestantes em condições semi-intensivo RESUMO. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar o ciclo reprodutivo, endocrinológico e o comportamento de ovelhas Karaman. Análises de sangue foram analisadas pelo EIA para progesterona (P 4 ) e RIA para estradiol para determinar as estratégias de reprodução do Karaman Branca de não gestantes (n = 11) e de gestantes (n = 9) durante o todo o ano, em Anatólia, Turkia. O Ciclo estral e a duração do estro foram 18.36 ± 1.03 dias e 35.16 ± 5.95 horas, respectivamente. As durações da época de reprodução foram de 283 ± 63.36 e 229.64 ± 63.74 dias de acordo com os dados hormonais e comportamentais, respectivamente (p ≤ 0.01). Os maiores e menores dados de frequência do estro ocorreram em outubro e junho-julho, respectivamente. Os níveis de P 4 variaram de 0.01 para 9.0 ng ML -1 ao longo do ano e 0.01 -0.16 ng mL -1 durante o cio. Níveis médios do plasma de estradiol foram 8.42 ± 2.51 pg mL -1 durante o ciclo estral. As durações do pós-parto foram de 134.8 ± 18.5 dias e 120.78 ± 29.89 dias (n = 9) de acordo com a observação do comportamento e os dados hormonais, respectivamente. Concentrações de P 4 durante os meses 1 até o 5 do período de gestação variou de 4.54 para 15.08 ng mL -1 . Concentrações de P 4 no quarto e quinto mês de gestação foram maiores do que nos outros meses (p < 0.01). A atividade reprodutiva do White Karaman é caracterizada por um período de reprodução estendido e...

The goal of this study was to determine the distribution of left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic dysfunctions and their prognostic value in canine parvovirus-infected dogs suffering from severe sepsis and septic shock (SS/SS). Twenty dogs with SS/SS (experimental group) and 18 healthy dogs (control group) were used in the study. Systolic and diastolic dysfunction was present in three (15%) and 14 (70%) diseased dogs, respectively, with both types of dysfunction present in two (10%) of the patients. These dogs were split into two groups: survivors (Sv, n = 14) and non-survivors (non-Sv, n = 6). The pulsed wave tissue Doppler (PW-TDI) septal mitral annulus systolic velocity (LVS'), an index of systolic dysfunction, had a high sensitivity and specificity to differentiate Sv and non-Sv animals, with values of 83.3% (95% CI: 41.6–98.4) and 83.3% (95% CI: 59.8–94.8), respectively, at an optimum cut-off point of ≥ 9.90. The PW-TDI septal early mitral annulus early-diastolic peak velocity (E'), an index of diastolic dysfunction, had the best sensitivity and specificity to differentiate Sv and non-Sv dogs, with values of 100% (95% CI: 55.2–100) and 100% (95% CI: 78.9–100), respectively, at an optimum cut-off point of ≤ 6.50. Therefore, diastolic dysfunction determined by E' is a good independent outcome predictor.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Thymus vulgaris L. (TVL) on oxidative stress, motor coordination and learning/memory in acute and chronic epilepsy models in rats induced by Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ). To this end, 64 male Wistar-albino rats were randomly divided into eight groups with 8 rats each: (1) acute control (AC), (2) acute PTZ (APTZ), (3) acute PTZ + sodium valproate (APTZ+VPA), (4) acute PTZ + TVL (APTZ+TVL), (5) chronic control (CC), (6) PTZ kindling (PTZk), (7) PTZ kindling + VPA (PTZk+VPA) and (8) PTZ kindling + TVL (PTZk+TVL). Seizures were observed for 30 min after each PTZ injection and were scored. Acute PTZ-induced seizures were created by injecting a single convulsive dose of PTZ (60 mg/kg, ip) in acute groups. PTZ kindling was produced by injecting a subconvulsant dose of PTZ (35 mg/kg, ip) every other day, with 14 injections in total. No significant difference was found among the PTZk + VPA, PTZk, and PTZk + TVL groups with regard to seizure scores. No significant difference was found among all the 8 groups in the learning/memory tests conducted using the Morris Water Maze (MWM) test and the motor activity tests conducted using the rotarod test (P>0.05). The analysis of total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) indicated that the administration of PTZ decreased the antioxidant capacity and increased the oxidant capacity. Moreover, the TVL administration established the oxidant/antioxidant balance, particularly in the chronic groups. Further studies are needed to investigate whether high doses of TVL have an effect on PTZ-induced seizure scores.

methemoglobin, hematocrit and percent hemolysis of erytrocytes were measured in the hlood samples taken from the control and experimental groups (after one hour of sodium nitrite injection).In the experimental group, the leve! of methemoglobin and percent hemolysis of erytrocytes were significantly higher than those in control group. However, values of erytrocyte, hemoglobin and hematoerit were decrease by sodium nitrite injection and these differences were also found statisticaly sign~fi-cant.

Summary:The colonic microflora and their fermentation end-products play important roles in host health. The objective of this study was to determine the biochemical responses of colon microflora to slow colonic transit. For this purpose, the study was carried out with the colon simulation technique (Cositec). Inocula and fermentable substrates were obtained from colon contents of slaughtered pigs. To simulate slow colonic transit, the liquid turnover rate in the Cositec system was decreased by ca. %50. Slow liquid turnover resulted in a significant decrease in pH, total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), acetate and propionate productions. However, the production of butyrate was not significantly affected by the treatment. The redox potential was affected by slow liquid turnover and became more positive. Organic matter digestibility increased in response to slow liquid turnover. These results indicated that slow liquid turnover altered biochemical milieu within the colon and this may play a key role in the pathogenesis of colorectal diseases.Key words: Colon, Cositec, fermentation, slow liquid turnover. Yavaş sıvı geçişinin kolonik fermantasyon üzerine in vitro etkileriÖzet: Kolon mikroflorası ve fermentasyon son ürünleri konakçı sağlığı üzerinde önemli roller oynamaktadır. Bu araştırmada, kolon mikroflorasının yavaş kolonik geçişe gösterdiği yanıtı belirlemek amaçlandı. Bu amaçla, araştırmada Cositec tekniği (Colon Simulation Technique) kullanıldı. İnkübasyon için gerekli inokulum ve substratlar kesimhanede, kesilmiş domuzların kolon içeriklerinden temin edildi. Yavaş kolonik geçişi taklit etmek için Cositec sistemde sıvı döngüsü yaklaşık % 50 oranında azaltıldı. Azaltılmış sıvı döngüsü pH değerinde, toplam kısa zincirli yağ asitleri (SCFAs), asetat ve propiyonat üretimlerinde belirgin bir azalmaya neden olurken, bütirat üretimini etkilemedi. Redoks potansiyeli yavaş sıvı döngüsünden etkilenerek daha pozitif değerlere ulaştı. Yavaş sıvı döngüsü organik madde sindirilebilirliğinde ise artışa neden oldu. Bu araştırmanın sonuçları, yavaş sıvı döngüsünün kolondaki biyokimyasal ortamda önemli değişiklikler yaptığını göstermektedir. Bu değişikliklerin kolorektal hastalıkların patogenezinde kilit rol oynayabileceği düşünülmektedir. Anahtar sözcükler: Cositec, fermantasyon, kolon, yavaş sıvı döngüsü.