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Neuroinflammation is a major risk factor associated with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are prescribed but their long term use is associated with adverse effects. Thus, herbal based medicines are attracting major attraction worldwide as potential therapeutic candidates. Tylophora indica (Burm. f) Merrill is a valuable medicinal plant well known in Ayurvedic practices for its immunomodulatory, anti-oxidant, anti-asthmatic and antirheumatic activities. The present study aimed to elucidate the antineuroinflammatory potential of water and hydroalcoholic leaf extracts of micropropagated plants of T. indica using BV-2 microglia activated with lipopolysaccharide as an in vitro model system and development of an efficient reproducible protocol for its in vitro cloning. Non cytotoxic doses of the water and hydroalcoholic extracts (0.2μg/ml and 20μg/ml, respectively) were selected using MTT assay. α-Tubulin, Iba-1 and inflammatory cascade proteins like NFκB, AP1 expression was studied using immunostaining to ascertain the anti-neuroinflammatory potential of these extracts. Further, anti-migratory activity was also analyzed by Wound Scratch Assay. Both extracts effectively attenuated lipopolysaccharide induced microglial activation, migration and the production of nitrite via regulation of the expression of NFκB and AP1 as the possible underlying target molecules. An efficient and reproducible protocol for in vitro cloning of T. indica through multiple shoot proliferation from nodal segments was established on both solid and liquid Murashige and Skoog's (MS) media supplemented with 15μM and 10μM of Benzyl Amino Purine respectively. Regenerated shoots were rooted on both solid and liquid MS media supplemented with Indole-3-butyric acid (5-15μM) and the rooted plantlets were successfully acclimatized and transferred to open field conditions showing 90% survivability. The present study suggests that T. indica may prove to be a potential anti-neuroinflammatory agent and may be further explored as a potential therapeutic candidate for the management of neurodegenerative diseases. Further, the current study will expedite the conservation of T. indica ensuring ample supply of this threatened medicinal plant to fulfill its increasing demand in herbal industry.

The immune response to allogeneic cells in tissue-engineered constructs is a major barrier to their successful application in the treatment of many human diseases. Specifically, the T cell-mediated immune response, initiated through the recognition of cell surface MHCI molecules, is the primary cause of acute cellular allograft rejection. In this study, we altered expression of MHCI through viral immunomodulatory mechanisms to examine whether allogeneic cells could be made to 'mimic' viral evasion of a host CTL response. We demonstrate the successful application of a retroviral vector in vitro to overexpress the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus immunomodulatory protein, MIR2, in human monocyte-like myeloid progenitor cells. This approach led to differential downregulation of cell surface MHCI, ICAM-1 and B7-2 molecules. We also demonstrate that downregulation of immunoactive molecules has the functional effect of significantly reducing T cell-mediated cytotoxicity without altering NK-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro. These results provide proof-of-concept that viral immune evasion strategies allow cell-based tissue-engineered constructs to delay or even prevent acute cellular immune rejection in vivo. Importantly, this methodology could facilitate the development of universal donor cells for tissue engineering applications.