This paper presents a methodology for three-dimensional (3D) computer modelling of the breast, using a combination of 3D geometrical primitives and voxel matrices that can be further subjected to simulated x-ray imaging, to produce synthetic mammograms. The breast phantom is a composite model of the breast and includes the breast surface, the duct system and terminal ductal lobular units. Cooper's ligaments, the pectoral muscle, the 3D mammographic background and breast abnormalities. A second analytical x-ray matter interaction modelling module is used to generate synthetic images from monoenergetic fan beams. Mammographic images of various synthesized breast models differing in size, shape and composition were produced. A preliminary qualitative assessment performed by three radiologists and a quantitative evaluation study using fractal and grey-level histogram analysis were conducted. A comparative study of extracted features with published data has also been performed. The evaluation results indicated good correlation of characteristics between synthetic and actual radiographs. Applications foreseen are not only in the area of breast imaging experimentation but also in education and training.

Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) has been implicated in the development and progression of several human malignancies. However, the role of ILK in human colon cancer progression is not well established, neither have its possible in vivo downstream effectors in the disease been identified. We studied, by immunohistochemistry, ILK, beta-catenin, E-cadherin, p-Akt and p-FKHR protein expression in 125 primary colon carcinomas and 45 corresponding lymph node metastases. ILK was expressed in 98.4% of the primary tumours and in 100% of metastatic lesions. The levels of ILK expression correlated strongly with tumour invasion, tumour grade and stage and were significantly higher in metastatic tumours. Activation of beta-catenin, down-regulation of E-cadherin and activation of the Akt-FKHR pathway correlated significantly with both ILK expression and tumour progression parameters. In conclusion, our results suggest that ILK may have an important role in progression of human colon cancer, possibly through in vivo regulation of beta-catenin, E-cadherin and Akt pathways. Our study also provides some evidence implicating p-FKHR in human colon carcinogenesis and ILK signalling.

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ILK overexpression in human CRC associates with EMT and CSC traits, contributing to tumor progression and chemoresistance.

ILK overexpression in BCC is implicated in tumour progression probably through the induction of an EMT-related molecular profile. Nuclear localization of E-cadherin in BCC is also associated with aggressive tumour features.

Overexpression of CDT1 and MCM7 in hepatocellular carcinoma correlates with DNA damage response, and CDT1 overexpression is a significant prognostic biomarker in hepatocellular carcinoma.