Because of the features of the ovine cervix, including a narrow lumen and misaligned folds, access to the uterine lumen through the cervical canal is particularly challenging in this species (Halbert, Dobson, Walton, & Buckrell, 1990). Therefore, surgical procedures are commonly applied in assisted reproductive technologies in sheep when access to the uterine lumen is needed (Candappa & Bartlewski, 2011, 2014). Surgical intervention is not desired in assisted reproductive technologies because it can lead to the formation of adhesions in the reproductive tract (up to 30%) (Bruno-Galarraga et al., 2014; Pinto et al., 2020) and, consequently, reproductive impairment.
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