We report for the first time the presence of cluster crystals of calcium oxalate within the glandular trichomes and oil bodies in the mesophyll for Baccharis species. Moreover, the comparative leaf anatomy and micro-morphology of six species of Baccharis, namely B. illinita, B. microdonta, B. pauciflosculosa, B. punctulata, B. reticularioides, and B. sphenophylla is investigated by light and scanning electron microscopy. The studied species exhibited differences in their leaf anatomical features such as the morphology of the cuticle, type and occurrence of the stomata, presence or absence of glandular trichomes, shape of the flagelliform trichomes, and the arrangement of the mesophyll tissues. These differences can be helpful in the species identification and classification and could represent informative characters for the reconstruction of the evolution of the genus.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

RESUMO:O presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar testes físico-químicos em duas amostras de sabonete líquido diferentes, a fim de compará-las. As análises foram realizadas no laboratório de química do Centro de Ensino Superior dos Campos Gerais (CESCAGE) e no laboratório de produção de medicamentos (LAPMED) da Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa (UEPG). Os parâmetros físico-químicos analisados foram: densidade através do método da picnometria, viscosidade pelo método do viscosímetro rotacional (Brookfield) e verificação do pH com o auxílio de um peagâmetro digital. As análises das amostras A e B foram realizadas em triplicatas e os resultados obtidos foram comparados com a literatura. Os valores de densidade encontrados foram 1,003 g/cm3 para a amostra A e 0,6207 g/cm3 para a amostra B. Os valores de pH e viscosidade encontrados foram, respectivamente 5,76, 6RPM/s 10,69Pa.s, 12RPM/s 8,28Pa.s para a amostra A, e 6,56, 6RPM/s 4,68Pa.s, 12RPM/s 3,59Pa.s para a amostra B. Com a realização às análises físico-químicas pode ser observado uma diferença significativa entre as amostras, sendo a amostra A mais densa, mais viscosa e com o pH mais ácido que a amostra B. Palavras-chave: sabonete líquido; descontaminação; parâmetros físico-químicos. ABSTRACT:The objective of the present work was to perform physical-chemical tests of two different liquid soap samples in order to compare them. The analyzes were carried out in the chemistry laboratory of Faculdades Ponta Grossa (FacPG) and in the laboratory of production of medicines (LAPMED) of Ponta Grossa State University (UEPG). The physicalchemical parameters analyzed were: density through the method of picnometry, viscosity by the rotational viscosimeter method (Brookfield) and verification of the pH with the aid of a digital pH meter. The analyzes of samples A and B were performed in triplicates and the results obtained were compared with the literature. The values of density found were 1.003 g / cm3 for sample A and 0.6207 g / cm3 for sample B. The values of pH and viscosity found were respectively 5.76, 6RPM / s 10.69Pa.s, 12RPM / s 8.28Pa.s for sample A, and 6.56, 6RPM / s 4.68Pa.s, 12RPM / s 3.59Pa.s for sample B. With the accomplishment of the physico-chemical analyzes a significant difference between the samples can be observed, being the sample A more dense, more viscous and with the pH more acid than the sample B.

RESUMO:Tanacetum vulgare L., conhecida popularmente como catinga-de-mulata, é utilizada na medicina tradicional como vermífugo, digestivo e emenagogo. Objetivou-se analisar a morfoanatomia de folhas e caules dessa espécie medicinal com vistas ao controle da qualidade. Foram utilizadas técnicas usuais de microscopia de luz e eletrônica de varredura. As folhas são compostas, pinatissectas e anfiestomáticas. Tricomas tectores flageliformes simples e glandulares capitados são observados. A nervura central tem formato biconvexo, o pecíolo é côncavo-convexo, a ráque é plano-convexa e o caule é arredondado. Feixes vasculares colaterais, calotas de fibras perivasculares e colênquima lamelar estão presentes na folha e no caule. Os caracteres morfoanatômicos evidenciados contribuem na identificação do táxon e fornecem subsídios farmacobotânicos para o controle da qualidade de drogas vegetais e fitoterápicos.Palavras-chave: Asteraceae, Caatinga-de-mulata, Controle da qualidade, Morfoanatomia. ABSTRACT: Pharmacobotanical analysis of leaf and stem of Tanacetum vulgare (L.).Tanacetum vulgare L., popularly known as tansy, is used in traditional medicine as a vermifuge, digestive and emmenagogue. This study aimed to analyze the morphoanatomical leaves and stems of this medicinal plant in order to control the quality. Usual techniques of light and scanning electron microscopy were used. The leaves are composed, pinatissect and amphistomatic. Simple and flagelliform non-glandular trichomes and capitate glandular trichomes are observed. The midrib has biconvex shape, the petiole is concavo-convex, the rachis is plano-convex, and the stem is rounded. Collateral vascular bundles, perivascular fiber caps and laminar collenchyma are encountered in the leaves and stems. Evidenced the morphological and anatomical features contribute to the identification of the taxon and provide pharmacobotanical data for the quality control of herbal drugs.

Psychotria fractistipula L.B.Sm, R.M. Klein & Delprete (Rubiaceae) is found in the existing Atlantic Forest in the South of Brazil, in the Paraná and Santa Catarina States. The members of Rubiaceae are characterized chemically by the presence of alkaloids, some pharmacological properties of which include antifungal, antibacterial, analgesic, antioxidant, antimutagenic, and antiviral activities. In this study, we report the results of anatomical, morphological, and histochemical analyses of the leaves and stems of the Rubiaceae family member, P. fractistipula. The anatomical analysis involved of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Morpho-anatomical and histochemical characterization were made using standard methodology. The isolated compounds were identified by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopic analysis. The following structures are highlighted as the distinctive features of the species: presence of petiolate leaves and a petiole base, leaf blade with smooth cuticle on both surfaces, paracytic stomata, and, dorsiventral mesophyll and presence of trichomes on the leaves and stems. Phytosteroids, identified as β-sitosterol and campesterol, were observed in the hexane fraction of the stem. Future studies should focus on the isolation of other fractions of interest and their characterization through specific biological and cytotoxicity assays.

In an effort to identify novel biopesticides, the present study aimed to assess the effects of Philodendron meridionale (Buturi & Sakur) stem and leaf ketonic and ethanolic extracts (SKE, SEE, LKE, and LEE, respectively) on the germination, growth, root respiration, and enzymatic activities of Lactuca sativa L. seeds, and to measure the associated saponins, phenolics, and flavonoids that may possess herbicidal, pharmaceutical, or pesticidal activities. The extracts were obtained using a modified Soxhlet apparatus and methanolic extracts of 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 mg.mL-1 were tested, with water and methanol as a control. The presence of saponins and the concentration of phenolic compounds were determined. Allelopathic activity was evaluated in tests of germination, growth, cellular respiration and enzymatic activity. The presence of saponins and the concentration of phenolic compounds equivalent to 225.12 for LKE, 240.45 for LEE, 193.28 for SKE, and 265.14 for SEE (mg·g-1.gallic acid), and flavonoids 52.74 for LKE, 54.31 for LEE, 72.74 for SKE, and 67.21 for SEE (mg.g-1.quercetin) were determined. The allelopathy of the P. meridionale extracts against L. sativa was confirmed through negative effects on L. sativa seed germination, radical growth and morphology, dry mass, and the concentrations of α-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1), ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11), catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), and polyphenol oxidase (EC 1.10.3.1). It was likely that the allelopathic action of the P. meridionale extracts was related to its effects on the membrane permeability and oxidative stress of the treated L. sativa seeds. The P. meridionale extracts contained saponins, calcium oxalate crystals, and flavonoids, including phenolic compounds, which are known allelochemicals with herbicidal activities.