Parturition is a key process of mammalian reproduction that is rarely documented in New World monkeys because it often occurs at night. However, diurnal births have been recorded in several species. In howler monkeys (Alouatta spp.) they have often been observed during prolonged resting periods. Similarly, infanticide is a behavior observed quite infrequently. Infanticide in howler monkeys is often inferred from infant deaths or disappearances after group takeovers by nonresident male(s). Here we report the first observation of parturition and birth-related behaviors in the brown howler monkey (Alouatta guariba clamitans) and the likely attack on the infant that caused its death. The mother was a multiparous female that lived in a ca. 3-ha Atlantic forest fragment in southern Brazil with nine group mates. The behavior ("all occurrences") sampling method was used to record birth-related behaviors and social interactions. The parturition occurred during the day of 27 October 2013 during a feeding session. The female showed no sign of contraction or birth delivery posture. Parturition began apparently after matrix rupture and release of the amniotic fluid. Expulsion of the newborn occurred between 1 and 3 min later (the exact moment of delivery was not observed). Then, the female held and licked the newborn and began to ingest the placenta and the umbilical cord. The other group members continued feeding and had no interaction with the parturient during the preparturition and parturition events. The infant died ca. 35 days later as a consequence of injuries to his forehead and face, potentially caused by a conspecific bite. Because the adult and subadult males chased the female in the day that the infant's wounds were detected, we believe that one of them might have been the aggressor. We discuss this putative case of infanticide in light of the potential motivation of each male.
No abstract
RESUMOO objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a prática do uso e do descarte de medicamentos entre produtores da rede leiteira da região noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O estudo foi conduzido mediante a aplicação de um questionário e a amostra foi constituída por 46 participantes. Os resultados demonstram que a maioria dos participantes apresenta medicamentos em suas residências (98%). Destes, 66% afirmam usar medicamentos por conta própria, 22% reutiliza medicamentos de tratamentos anteriores, 65% realiza o descarte em lixo comum e 9% descarta em vaso sanitário. Em relação à "farmácia caseira" o medicamento mais armazenado foi o paracetamol (78%). A maioria dos participantes (74%) relataram não ter recebido nenhuma informação a respeito do assunto. Neste sentido, observa-se que a maioria da população descarta os medicamentos de forma inadequada e a falta de orientações é o principal fator que leva a esta prática. ABSTRACTThis study aims to evaluate the practice of use and disposal of drugs among farmers of a dairy network in the northwest region of the State of Rio Grande do Sul. The study was conducted through the application of a questionnaire in a sample consisted of 46 participants. The results show that most of the participants have pharmaceutical drugs in their homes (98%), 66% say they use pharmaceutical drugs on their own, 22% reuse pharmaceutical drugs from previous treatments, 65% discard the drugs in common waste; and 9% discard them in toilet. Regarding to the "homemade pharmacy" the most commonly found drug was paracetamol (78%). Most of the participants (74%) reported not having received any information on the subject. In this sense, it is observed that the majority of the population disposes of pharmaceutical drugs inappropriately and that the lack of information is the main factor that leads to this practice. Descarte de medicamentos: avaliação do conhecimento dos produtores da atividade leiteira Discard of medicines: evaluation of the knowledge of the dairy activity producers Como citar este artigo: BATISTA, N. N.; MENDES, G. A.; CARVALHO, T. G. M. L.; NEGRETE, B. B.; BULEGON, J. S.; SCHÄFER, M. G.; MARTINS DA SILVA, V.; DEUSCHLE, V. C. K. N. Descarte de medicamentos: avaliação do conhecimento dos produtores da atividade leiteira. Revista Saúde (Sta. Maria). 2019; 45 (2).
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.