Targeting is a phenomenon in which the distribution of a drug in the body occurs in such a way that the main part of it interacts with the target tissue at the cellular or subcellular level to achieve the desired pharmacological effect on the selected site without undesirable interactions in other organs. This can be achieved using a drug delivery system such as niosomes, which are non-ionic vesicles of surfactants obtained by hydrating synthetic non-ionic surfactants with the inclusion of cholesterol. They are vestibular systems similar to liposomes that can be used as carriers of amphiphilic or lipophilic drugs. Niosomes are a promising drug delivery tool, and it has been widely evaluated as a possibility of controlled release and targeted delivery of the active substance for the treatment of cancer, autoimmune diseases, viral and other infectious diseases. It can be assumed that encapsulation of the drug in the vesicular system prolongs its presence in the systemic circulation and increases the possibility of penetration into the target tissue, possibly reducing toxicity if selective absorption can be achieved.
The article presents the results of studying the physicochemical properties of exosome preparations obtained by ultrafiltration, which indicate a high degree of the composition and properties dependence of the obtained product on the material of the filters used. Quantitative determination of proteins and nucleic acids in exosome samples using UPN-50 filters allows us to conclude that the content of the main impurity compounds in the preparation is significantly reduced compared to dispersions obtained using filters with pore sizes of 220 and 450 nm. Analysis of flow cytometry data made it possible to demonstrate that when using the UPN-50 filter, an increase in the contribution to the dispersion of all types of fractions of non-exosomal size was observed, the appearance of which can result from fraction destruction associated with pore size or filter material properties. drying of the dispersion was observed in the studied exosome samples. Fraction sizes ranged from 40 to 450 nm (an average of about 200 nm). Exosomes from the entire variety of membrane vesicles are fractions that have the most suitable characteristics that allow them to be used as a nanoscale drug delivery vehicle while ensuring the necessary quality control of the drug at the sample preparation stage.
One of the main promising directions in the development of pharmacology is the development of selective drugs and effective approaches to their production using nanoscale drug delivery vehicles. Providing the necessary therapeutic concentration of drugs in target cells is not an easy task. To solve it, a specific drug carrier is required. The most promising is the use of biodegradable delivery systems, due to the lack of the need to use expensive equipment, and it is also possible to synthesize them in production volumes. The need to develop systems for the controlled delivery of drugs, especially antibacterial drugs, is due to their clear advantage over antibiotics in standardized dosage forms. Increasingly, in poultry industry, high mortality rates of chickens began to be observed in the acute form of enterotoxemia due to Clostridium perfringens and its associations with another microflora. The aim of this paper is to study the therapeutic efficacy of a free and included in biodegradable system antibacterial drug (cefotaxime) for bacterial infections in birds. There were formed 3 experimental and 1 control group of broiler chickens of the cross Cobb-500 daily age of 15 animals each. At the age of 10 days, the birds of group 1-3 were orally infected with virulent diurnal cultures of microorganisms: Clostridium perfringens. During the experiment, daily monitoring of the general condition and behavior of the birds, consumption of feed and water was carried out, the clinical status of the sick birds, the time of onset of positive dynamics and the time of recovery were evaluated. After completing the course of therapy, monitoring of the state of the birds continued for 7 days. After completion of the experiment, bacteriological examination showed that the use of cefotaxime at a dose of 10 mg/kg for 7 days does not eradicate Clostridium perfringens, while the use of cefotaxime based on chitosan and cefotaxime based on exosomes at a dose of 10 mg/kg provides 100% therapeutic efficiency.
Основной целью разработки офтальмологических лекарственных форм является дост ижение требуемой концентрации препаратов в месте абсорбции и поддержание ее в течение достаточно длительного времени, что, в свою очередь, способствует меньшей частоте применения. Причиной отсутствия необходимой концентрации является: проблема низкой биодоступности лекарственного вещества после нанесения на глазное яблоко, сложная анатомическая структура глаза, малая абсорбирующая поверхность, липофильность эпителия роговицы, связывание лекарственного средства с белками, содержащимися в слезной жидкости, низкая емкость конъюнктивального мешка. После системного применения концентрация лекарственных веществ в жидкостях и тканях глаза также невысокая. Это связано с наличием гематоофтальмического барьера и большого объема неваскуляризированных тканей. Функциональное состояние биологических барьерных образований глаза играет существенную роль в механизме развития воспаления. Проницаемость тесно связана с процессами метаболизма тканей глаза и состоянием его сосудистой системы, поэтому при воспалении гематоофтальмический барьер нарушается. Степень и характер нарушений зависят от действия биологических активных веществ, электролитов крови, микроорганизмов и продуктов их жизнедеятельности на сосудистую оболочку глаза. Это действие может быть не только рефлекторным, но и непосредственным, когда указанные агенты проникают через барьер во внутреннюю среду глаза.Ключевые слова: гематоофтальмический барьер, концентрация, проницаемость, лекарственные средства, увеиты, ириты, ниосомы, сосудистая оболочка.The main goal of the development of ophthalmic dosage forms is to achieve the required concentration of preparations at the absorption site and maintain it for a sufficiently long time, which, in turn, contributes to a lower frequency of use. The reason for the lack of the required concentration is: the problem of low bioavailability of the drug substance after application to the eyeball, the complex anatomical structure of the eye, the small absorbent surface, the lipophilicity of the corneal epithelium, the binding of the drug to the proteins contained in the lacrimal fluid, the low capacity of the conjunctival sac. After systemic use, the concentration of drugs in the fluids and tissues of the eye is also low. This is due to the presence of a hematoophthalmic barrier and a large volume of non-vascularized tissues. The functional state of biological barrier eye formations plays an important role in the mechanism of inflammation development. Permeability is closely related to the processes of the metabolism of the eye tissues and the state of its vascular system, so when the inflammation the hemato-ophthalmic barrier is broken. The degree and nature of the disturbances depend on the action of biological active substances, blood electrolytes, microorganisms and products of their vital activity on the vascular membrane of the eye. This action can be not only reflex, but also direct, when these agents penetrate the barrier into the inner environment of t...
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