BackgroundsShigellosis remains an important public health problem in developing countries with S. sonnei and S. flexneri in US, Europe and in Asian countries being of importance.ObjectivesThis study evaluates the protective effect of Lactobacillus casei cell-free culture supernatants (CFCS) against multiple drug resistance (MDR) clinical samples of Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri in vitro.Materials and MethodsS. sonnei and S .flexneri was identified by common microbiological and serological methods. Antibiogram with 18 antibiotics were tested for 34 positive cultures by disc diffusion method. The Samples showed considerable resistance to antibiotics. Antimicrobial effects of CFCS were tested against S. sonnei and S. flexneri by agar-well assay and broth micro dilution methods. In addition, the antimicrobial activity remained active treatment after adjust pH 7, adding Proteinase K and heating for L. casei.ResultsThe results implicate that L. casei strongly inhibits the development of pathogen samples. In contrast, via the disc diffusion method 4 out of 18 antibiogram have shown complete resistance against the pathogen samples. In addition, the natures of antimicrobial properties have been tested in different conditions such as various pH, temperature and presence of proteinase K. The MIC50 (minimum inhibitory concentration) and MIC90 of CFCS of L. casei were determined, for S. sonnei were 2.25 and 10.5, for S .flexneri were 5.25 and 5.25 respectively. The results have shown a significant resistance pattern by these four antibiotics in this case.ConclusionsThe data indicates that. L. casei highly resistant against to antibiotics, heat, Proteinase K and so many activities against MDR Shigella pathogenic strains . L. casei is the best probiotics candidate.

Background & Objective: Since the symptoms of Brucellosis are often atypical and nonspecific, using clinical signs alone to diagnose brucellosis is not advised; therefore, the diagnosis relies predominantly on laboratory testing. Currently, molecular, serological, and microbiological methods are used for diagnosis of this disease. In this study we examined ELISA, PCR and serum agglutination (SAT) methods on human patient serum samples. Methods: A total of 100 serum samples were collected from suspected patients. Fifty serum samples gave a positive result with the Wright test. The ELISA method was first employed on all samples for the detection of IgG and IgM antibodies against Brucella . Subsequently, the rapid PCR methodology was used to identify presence of Brucella genome in 500 µL of each serum sample. The B4/B5 primer pair was used for PCR‌ amplification. Results: Out of the 100 serum samples obtained from patients with suspected brucellosis, 50 samples tested positive by SAT and displayed high titers of 1/160. Of these 50 positive samples, 49 samples were positive as per the ELISA test whereas one sample tested negative. The PCR test was conducted on all 100 serum samples and results showed that the 45 serum samples that gave a positive agglutination test were also positive by PCR. Conclusions: Various laboratory methods have been used or introduced for the detection of Brucella . Molecular methods such as PCR, a rapid and sensitive method for detection of bacteria, have also been reported. Based on the results of this study, we propose that the simultaneous use of serology and molecular techniques has the potential to overcome limitations of detection thereby enabling the selection of appropriate treatment for the patient.

Background: Among the most common infectious diseases, second ranking after respiratory (tract) system infection is urinary tract infection which involve (infects) about 250 million people in developing countries annually. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the pattern of antibiotic resistance in common pathogens that cause urinary tract infection. This study is the first to evaluate the incidence of antibiotic resistance is the large number of samples in Iran. Patients and Methods:The susceptibility of samples obtained from 14,332 patients with urinary tract infections admitted to different medical diagnostic laboratories of Tehran, was measured using disk diffusion method for 18 common antibiotics. Results: Most of the identified bacteria were Escherichia coli (64.56%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (13.78%). The most resistant antibiotics were respectively identified as trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole (61.35%) for E-coli and (49.6%) for Klebsiella sp. Also intermediate resistance to Nitrofurantion and Chlor tetracycline was observed. Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate that E. coli is the predominant pathogen of this infection. There are also bacteria with high resistance that Interfere with prescription of drugs in order to treat urinary tract system infection. Also increasing of resistance to antibiotics among bacterial pathogens is evolving and requires an inspectoral and research procedure which could provide more information for doctors to treat the infection more efficiently.Keywords: Drug Resistance; Microbial; Urinary Tract Infections; E. coli Implication for health policy/practice/research/medical education: According to the results of this study, we showed that Sulfamethoxazole/trimetoprime is not recommended as the first line of empirical treatment for urinary tract infections in Tehran but Nitrofurantoin and Fleuroquinolone could be used as the first and the second empirical treatment lines. Also this study is the first to evaluate the incidence of antibiotic resistance is the large number of samples in Iran

Background:Brucella is an intracellular parasite of the disease brucellosis throughout the world. Although several molecular typing methods are introduced to find DNA polymorphism that is able to identify Brucella species and biovars, but among these methods, detection of polymorphisms by PCR-RFLP has several advantages including the easy implementation, interpretation and the ease of use for large quantities of samples. Objectives: In the current study, the technique was used for molecular typing of Brucella abortus and B. melitensis that was isolated from human blood samples. Materials and Methods: Blood samples of 160 patients were transferred to Kerman clinical centers with chief complain of acute brucellosis and showed high blood serum level (about 1.80). Their DNAs were extracted by Phenol chloroform method, and the PCR was optimized by using the fragments of designed primers for omp2a and omp2b. Therefore PCR products were restricted by restriction endonuclease as PstI and Hinf1. Finally they were electrophoresed for analyzing the digestion results on agarose gels (2%). Results: In 160 blood samples that were studied with PCR technique, 52 cases obtained bands of 1100 bp for omp2a locus and 1200 bp for omp2b locus from within 52 positive samples by PCR-RFLP method 25 cases (48%) were positive out of which 56% were B. melitensis biovar1 and 44% were B. abortus biovars of 3, 5, 6 or 9. Conclusions:The results of this study showed that PCR-RFLP technique was a fast and applicable method especially for separation, detection and differentiation between species of B. melitensis and B.abortus biovars in blood sample. Also the presented data showed that B. melitensis biovar 1 was the prevalence biovar.

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