The main purpose of this article is to present a Differential Item Functioning method of item analysis. It is designed to minimize the discriminatory effect of individual items in the accreditation of graduates of medical universities with different training programs. The one-parameter Item Response Theory model is used to align graduates' rights in accreditation. The measure of the difference in the location of the item characteristic curves constructed for different graduates' samples is presented using the difficulty estimates. For the development of the methodology, a number of research questions are posed, the solution of which made it possible to analyze the items bias for the "Polyclinic" discipline and the range of item difficulties from 1.5 to 2, 5 logits. The item bank was cleaned and an interpretation of decisions on items release and correction for the cases of different arrangement of their characteristic curves was presented.
The results of the analysis of Russia’s role in the world system of remittances for the period from 2010 to 2018 have been presented in the article. The volumes of cash outflow from Russia and their inflow to Russia have been determined. The features of cross-border cash flows with the Commonwealth of Independent States countries and foreign countries have been revealed, which consist in the fact, that Russia is characterized by an extremely high volume and rate of outflow of funds in the form of cross-border transfers, along with a low volume of their inflow. It has been established, that the exchange of funds with the Commonwealth of Independent States countries and with foreign countries are independent flows with their own characteristics.The main foreign and CIS countries – Russia’s partners in cross-border money transfers-have been defined. The growth dynamics and the target structure of remittances have been assessed. It has been revealed, that cross-border remittances from Russia are characterized by seasonality: a steadily recurring growth of remittances in the fourth quarter and a decrease in the first quarter of each year. The results of the forecast of the volume of remittances of individuals for 2019 have been presented. In accordance with the forecast, the growth of remittances from the Russian Federation will continue in 2019. According to the forecast, 21,755 million dollars USA will be transferred abroad in the second half of 2019. In general, in 2019, the volume of money transfers abroad will be less than the volume of 2018 and will amount to 42,804 million dollars USA. In the first half of 2020, 17,635 million dollars USA is expected to be transferred abroad.
An integral part of the country's economy is foreign trade operations, through which the necessary goods (works, services) are imported into the country and domestic products are sold on the world market. For Russia and a number of post-Soviet countries, foreign economic activity is also a source of replenishment of the consolidated budget in the form of taxes and customs duties from the sale of hydrocarbons. The quantitative study of the dynamics and structure of foreign trade operations of the Russian Federation is an urgent task for economic science in general, and statistical science in particular. A comparison of the statistical data of foreign economic activity of Russia and the countries of the world allows us to see that the structures of foreign trade turnover differ. Discrepancies in the reflection of export and import operations between Russia and its main trading partners make it difficult to analyze them and use statistical data in practical work. The problem of comparability of statistical data on foreign economic activity between countries is acute and is in the zone of increased attention of both Russian and international organizations. The harmonized Commodity Description and Coding system was designed to simplify the collection, comparison and statistical analysis of data, contributed to the standardization of foreign trade documentation, and became the first step towards comparing export and import volumes. On the basis of the Harmonized System, the Commodity Nomenclature of Foreign Economic Activity was developed in Russia, then the Commodity Nomenclature of Foreign Economic Activity of the Commonwealth of Independent States. The EAEU Commodity Nomenclature operates on the territory of the Eurasian Economic Union, which includes 21 sections and 99 groups of goods, each of which has a 10-digit code.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.