В частности, вместо термина «оценка и сертифи-кация квалификаций» [2] стали говорить о незави-симой оценке квалификаций, понимая под ней про-цедуру подтверждения соответствия квалификации соискателя положениям профессионального стан-дарта или квалификационным требованиям, установ-ленным законодательством [1].Было решено, что координацию деятельности объединений работодателей, профессиональных со-юзов и образовательных организаций в сфере неза-висимой оценки квалификации будет осуществлять национальный совет при Президенте РФ по про-фессиональным квалификациям, в состав которого входят представители соответствующих органов и организаций. Для проведения независимой оценки квалификации по определенному виду профессио-нальной деятельности на общероссийском уровне предполагалось создать советы по профессиональ-ным квалификациям, а организационную, методиче-скую и экспертно-аналитическую поддержку деятель-ности возложить на национальное агентство развития квалификаций, в состав учредителей которого вхо-дят общероссийские объединения работодателей, профсоюзов и уполномоченные федеральные органы исполнительной власти [8].После введения в действие Федерального зако-на № 323-ФЗ «Об основах охраны здоровья граждан в Российской Федерации» возникла необходимость в создании системы аккредитации специалистов здравоохранения, поскольку наличие свидетельства об аккредитации специалиста стало обязательным условием для получения права на осуществление медицинской деятельности в РФ (статья 69). В свя-зи с этим оценку и сертификацию квалификаций в Представлены современные подходы к оценке профессиональной готовности специалистов здравоох-ранения в России при аккредитации. Разработана методология формирования и экспертизы единой базы оценочных средств при аккредитации, которая структурирована в соответствии с трудовыми функциями про-фессиональных стандартов по соответствующим специальностям. Представлены результаты первичной ак-кредитации выпускников 2016 года по специальностям «Стоматология» и «Фармация». Ключевые слова: аккредитация, сертификация, профессиональный стандарт, оценивание, многостадий-ные измеренияModern approaches to estimation of professional readiness of experts of health care in Russia at accreditation are presented in the article. The methodology of formation and examination of the uniform base of assessment means at accreditation was developed. This base is structured according to labor functions of professional standards on the corresponding specialties. Results of primary accreditation of graduates of 2016 on specialties «Stomatology» and «Pharmacy» are presented.
The impact of climate change in the Arctic, due to the nature of its ecosystem, the wealth of natural resources and the intensification of activities for their production, is becoming more and more significant and leads to an aggravation of environmental problems in this territory. The situation is even more complicated by the imperfection of legislation and the lack of agreement between neighboring states. Despite the special location of the Arctic zone, similar problems can be found in other states. The purpose of this work is to consider environmental challenges for unstable economies on the example of the Arctic zone and the state of Iraq, to determine the possibilities of adapting similar methods to eliminate existing problems. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved in the article: 1. The environmental problems of the Arctic were identified and their similarity with the problems of Iraq was substantiated. 2. It is demonstrated that in order to solve environmental problems related to the impact of climate change, environmental protection and resource management in fragile economy states, it is necessary to create an effective management system at the global, regional and national levels; it is proved that there is a need to improve legal provisions for effective protection of fragile states from risks associated with human activities. The research methods used in this study include a systematic analysis of economic, social, and cultural conditions, including a review of statistical data and various sources. Emerging opportunities for Arctic exploration and exploitation pose a threat to the Arctic environment. Its protection is currently based on too many, often conflicting, international agreements, the domestic legislation of the Arctic states and the recommendations of the Arctic Council. It has been shown that the risk of irreparable damage is particularly high in the case of gas flaring or oil spills from an oil rig or tanker. The problems identified in this article are applicable not only to the Arctic but also to other territories with “fragile” economies such as Iraq, where the oil and gas industry is a strategic factor. Despite the obvious differences, in particular, in climatic conditions, territorial development management has common methodological approaches. The political aspects of such research are the development of unified approaches that enable territories with challenging conditions to adopt the best-integrated practices in the field of management.
The relevance of the article is due to the fact that as the ice melts, the Arctic Ocean is becoming increasingly available. This fact has renewed the interest in Arctic mineral resources. The purpose of this article is to study special aspects of the development of Arctic hydrocarbon resources, which can boost the economic growth of the Russian economy in the medium term, and to identify approaches to enhance the economic value of these processes. The purpose was achieved by the solution of the following objectives: analysis of the current state of the Arctic resources, as well as the situation on both the global and Russian markets for hydrocarbon resources; study of the special part played by Arctic marine hydrocarbons; and substantiation of the development of transport infrastructure as an important factor in enhancing the economic efficiency of the production of offshore hydrocarbon resources in the Arctic Regions. The methodological framework of the article is formed by the fundamental provisions of economic theory, national economy, economic, environmental and energy security, as well as discoveries and developments by foreign and domestic scientists to ensure the economic efficiency of offshore hydrocarbon production in the Arctic Regions. The author’s sequence of stages for calculating the technical and economic potential of offshore oil and gas fields in the Arctic is proposed, which, unlike the existing ones, is based on an integral indicator combining financial, technical, climatic and service-infrastructure characteristics of fields, which makes it possible to make a rating of fields to determine the order and priority of the beginning of their development. The necessity of taking into account a wide list of factors in the comparative analysis of oil and gas fields in the Arctic in order to make strategic management decisions on the priority of field development is proved. The article suggests that the organizational structure and legal support be differentiated by management levels (mega-level, macro-level, meso-level, and micro-level), as it pertains to the extraction of marine hydrocarbon resources in the Arctic Regions and the development of the transport infrastructure of the Northern Sea Route.
The relevance of this article is due, on the one hand, to the importance of the oil and gas industry in the development of Iraq and, on the other hand, the inability to enhance the existing capacities of the gas industry due to both serious systemic internal causes and external problems. The objective of this article is to study the prospects of the gas industry in conjunction with the oil industry, and develop a strategy for their development based on the forecasting of future scenarios. In the article, the research methods used included a systematic analysis of economic, social and cultural conditions, considering the history of Iraq, including a review of statistical data and a variety of sources. The article proposes a method for choosing the industry development strategy on the basis of an analytical hierarchy process, based on an algorithm of iterative processes using an analysis of hierarchies. To clarify the actors’ policies and strategic goals and to find the optimal solution, repeated iterations of the choice of strategy have been proposed. The strategies were divided into alternative strategies for future scenarios, which were evaluated in actions as able to achieve the goals by determining the consistency ratio and the consistency index. As a result of the study, we can highlight the analysis of the centralized system of oil and gas resources’ management that has developed in Iraq, which has a complicated “top-down” delegation of decisions and responsibility, with decisions made at the political level and resources distributed from above, which precludes individual industries from performing their functions, and also limits the effective implementation of strategic development priorities. The development factors for the gas industry in Iraq were identified and systematized with a rationale for the direction of the industry’s strategic development. Groups of factors were identified: market-affecting determinants of the development of the gas industry, as well as other considerations that may, to a lesser extent, affect the development of Iraq’s gas industry and the oil and gas complex as a whole. The results, assessing the significance of the actors’ goals, can be taken as a basis for development strategies for the oil and gas industry, to improve the contract system of the gas industry in conjunction with the oil industry.
The main purpose of the paper is to present some theoretical approaches and some methods providing assessment optimization in specialists' accreditation in area of public health services. The results of research presented in this paper, include the model of multistage adaptive measurements and two methods for reliability and validity analysis, providing high justice decisions in accreditation and corresponding to requirements in High-Stakes Testing procedures. The assessment optimization intends for minimization time of assessment and for reliability and validity data increasing. For optimization the special model of measurements based on multistage adaptive testing is offered. The using of offered model in assessment design allows to realize the advantages of traditional adaptive testing and linear testing, while minimizing their disadvantages. So, this model is recommended as dominating for assessment in accreditation. For validity increasing in assessment in accreditation the approach based on Structural Equation Modeling is offered. This method allows to analyze the significance of relations between observed and latent variables that have any interpretation as causal effects, and to construct the model of their relations. The example of model of casual relations between disciplines, latent variables (competencies) and factors is offered. The model helps to increase construct and content validity of measuring tool using in public health services accreditation. The methods of reliability estimation in multistage measurements, offered in paper, has innovative character. It has branching structure as the value of reliability in multistage measurements depends not only on reliability of separate stages, but also from correlations between them. The presented approaches allow to increase validity and reliability of decisions in public health services specialists' assessment or in other spheres of assessment during accreditation.
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