Introduction. The fire hazard analysis of young pine stands was carried out. There are listed the most common sources of ignition as factors of influence on the occurrence of a fire. There is described the examples of studies on solid combustible materials` ignition, particularly, forest litter. The device developed is proposed for studying the process of forest fuels combustion. The aim of the work is determine the time to ignition of pine needles, as well as the forest litter in young pine stands by using a Device for the study of flammable material combustion using an electric heating element. Material statement. Laboratory studies have been done to ignite three types of needles of young pine plantations: fresh, inherent in the composition of forest underlay and dried needles. There was conducted an experimental studies of the time interval to the ignition of pine stands forest litter in the field condition with the use of the proposed device. Scientific novelty. It for the first time was established that the time interval before ignition of freshly cut needles exceeds by almost 4 times the meaning of this value in comparison with the dried needles. It was established that the value of the time to ignition of pine needles fallen in the forest litter, obtained from the results of field studies, with a slight deviation of its moisture, is almost the same with the values obtained in laboratory conditions. The results indicate that the forest litter in pine stands is fire-hazardous and can deal with a frequency close to ½ of a source with a temperature of 450°C, on average 25,7 seconds. There has been substantiated the expediency of using the device for the study of flammable material combustion using an electric heating element for investigating indicators of forest combustible materials` fire hazard.
Introduction. Garment enterprises belong to the objects of light industry of Ukraine. Fires that occur at such enterprises, lead to damage of production equipment, to destructions and deformations of building structures, to destruction of finished products and raw materials and to injuries and deaths of the peoples. Elimination of fires at garment enterprises is difficult, and with large areas of combustion, this requires the involvement of a large number of forces and means. Therefore, the urgent task is to prevent fires, which will minimize human and material losses.Purpose . is to substantiate the need to increase the effectiveness of fire protection of garment industry enterprises by improving the methods, principles, technical solutions aimed at preventing the occurrence and spread of fires.Methods. The main task of the garment industry is to provide the population with a wide range of clothing and other textiles. Together with that, due to the large number of staff working in such enterprises, the process of making clothes must be fire protected. A number of studies are devoted to the study of fire danger, including garment enterprises, but the issues of taking into account fire risk factors that arise at all stages of the production process, where high-performance equipment, semi-automatic machines, computer-aided clothing designing systems, mechanized workplaces, production lines is not studied. The issue of fire danger of textile manufacturing technology is also insufficiently studied. In order to perceive the process of fire it is necessary to take into account the most common causes of fires, which include: internal and fire regulations violation, disregard for the rules of operation of electrical equipment and electrical networks, violation of technological modes.Results. This paper substantiates the need to increase the effectiveness of fire protection of garment industry enterprises by improving methods, principles, technical solutions aimed at preventing the occurrence fire spread.
Formulation of the problem. Most of the fabrics used in the technological processes of garment enterprises are classified as combustible materials and are part of the fire load, which threatens the outbreak and rapid spread of fires in the premises of garment factories. Therefore, it is important to study the indicators of the fire hazard of fabrics to identify the most dangerous of them, as well as to increase the efficiency of fire safety at sewing enterprises.The purpose of the work is to obtain the dependences of the values of ignition and self-ignition temperatures of cotton fabrics on the composition of cotton.Results. It was found that the crushed 100% cotton fabric flamed best, and the worst − solid polyester as a fabric without cotton. The lowest value of the temperature at which ignition was observed was 215°C for cotton (100%, shredded fabric), and if this value is reduced - there were failures, which are caused in particular by the fact that at lower temperatures flammable vapours are no formed in concentrations sufficient for combustion. It was found that the ignition / spontaneous combustion temperatures for a solid sample of the fabric with a composition of 100% cotton are 235°C/420°C, and for a solid sample of the fabric with a composition of 100% polyester − 360°C/500°C, respectively. Ignition / spontaneous com-bustion temperatures for finely divided fabrics are 8,5%/4,78% (cotton fabric) and 2.8%/6% (polyester) lower than the values obtained for whole fabrics.Results. According to the results of the analysis of the most common fabrics (table 1) used in garment enterprises. Identified that the biggest fire hazard is inherent containing cotton. The lowest ignition temperature is observed for cotton (100% shredded fabric) and is 215°C, which is 1,63 times less than the ignition temperature of polyester (0% cotton, shredded fabric). The lowest self-ignition temperature is also observed for cotton (100% shredded fabric) and is 400°C, which is 1,18 less than the self-ignition temperature of polyester (0% cotton, shredded fabric).
Formulation of the problem. Within the functional areas of logistics, operations and functions related to purchasing, production and sales are carried out. Moving raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products are possible in the case of the use of vehicles, which adequately reflects the practical importance of the concept of transport and logistics activities. Therefore, to achieve optimization of logistics functions and operations, and, as a consequence, the goals of logistics, an important aspect is the choice of modern vehicles for the transportation of goods. Vehicle operations usually represent the largest total logistics cost due to the purchase of fuel and lubricants, proper organization of vehicle service, including the timely and comprehensive performance of all types of maintenance. In this regard, the concept of introducing electric vehicles is rapidly developing in the world, changing the idea of possibilities of an electric car not only as an individual vehicle for transportation but also as a transport, acquires relevance in the field of logistics and freight transport. The purpose of the work is to analyse the current state of the electric vehicle industry in the world and Ukraine. As well as to substantiate ways to optimize the use of electrically powered vehicles in supply chain management, depending on their technical characteristics.Results. Samples of electric vehicles produced in the EU and the USA are shown. The possibility of using electric vehicles as the main vehicles is considered, provided that their dispersion in the middle of the supply chain is taken into account. A scheme for the use of electric vehicles in the supply chain management process is proposed, which covers the dispersion of electric vehicles following the functional areas of logistics. The proposed scheme for the use of electric vehicles in the supply chain management process, taking into account the functional areas of logistics, has established that it is most expedient to use electric vehicles with a carrying capacity of 1,75−36 tons at the stages of procurement and production, and additionally with a carrying capacity of up to 1,75 tons to distribution points. Electric vehicles with a carrying capacity of up to 700 kg can be effectively used to provide services and technical support in the process of supply chain management. The scientific novelty of the research is that, for the first time, using the "Model of one vehicle on the route", the dependence of the stay time of electric vehicles Renault Kangoo Z.E., Volkswagen e-Crafter and Tesla Semi in the operating conditions of the route, on the distance of transportation was obtained.
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