The article presents the results of a study comparing the use of an innovative approach to the organization of dairy cow feeding technology in comparison with the traditional one. The growth of the world's population presents livestock producers and scientists with the problem of increasing productivity while reducing feed protein costs. The use of innovative developments of scientists in the practical field allows solving these issues. The implementation of domestic developments in production will contribute to the increase of milk production with a simultaneous decrease in its cost price, which will increase the competitiveness of livestock products produced in Ukraine on the world market. The research was conducted in the southern region of Ukraine in the conditions of the State Enterprise of the Askaniyske Institute of Irrigated Agriculture of the National Academy of Sciences on 2 groups of lactating cows in the first third of lactation, 50 cows in each, under untied conditions. The use of an innovative approach to the organization of feeding technology for highly productive dairy cows made it possible to increase the content of undegradable protein in the rumen from 24.3% to 33.4% in the diet. This made it possible not only to increase the milk productivity of cows, but also to improve the quality indicators of milk. It was established that with the use of the TEP-mix additive in the diet of the cows of the experimental group, the daily yield of milk from a cow increased by an average of 0.9 kg (from 27.8 kg to 28.7 kg), and in terms of basic fat content, by 2.6 kg (from 29.6 kg to 32.1 kg). According to the results of the chemical analysis of milk, it was found that the average content of the mass fraction of fat and protein in milk was also higher in the animals of the experimental group compared to the control by 0.20% (3.62% vs. 3.82%) and 0.23%, respectively (3.15% versus 3.38%). According to the results of the comparative multi-criteria analysis, it was noted that the productivity of dairy cows using the proposed method of organizing their feeding technology provides a significant advantage over the experimental version. It was established that for the experimental group the objective function according to the considered criteria is smaller and is 0.0112, while the objective function of the base variant was 6.43 times worse.
The analysis of approaches to reduce the consumption of fodder protein and greenhouse gas emissions from organic waste in milk production is carried out, and the need to determine these indicators for various approaches to organizing the technology of their feeding is established. An increase in the content of difficult-to-digest protein in the diets of high-yielding cows made it possible to reduce greenhouse gas emissions per head per day by 14.12 % in CO2 equivalent when using 1.5 kg of TEP-mix in the ration of cows. When using 1.0 kg of TEP-mix, this figure was 6.44 %. In terms of 1 kg of milk with basic fat content, these indicators are 26.72 % and 12.98 %, respectively. A multicriteria analysis of milk production with different approaches to organizing the technology of feeding dairy cows and, in particular, when using the additive TEP-mix with a protected protein showed a significant advantage of research option No. 1 (1.5 kg of TEP-mix). For it, the objective function according to the considered criteria is the smallest and amounts to 0.039 in comparison with the idealized variant. At the same time, the target function of the control variant (without TEP-mix) is 2.67 times worse, and for the experimental variant No. 2 (1.0 kg of TEP-mix) this indicator is 2.12. The use of TEP-mix in feeding cows provided an increase in their milk productivity, milk fat and protein content and, as a result, the profitability of milk production. The studies have found that the use of the proposed approaches to the organization of the technology of feeding cows provides an increase in their productivity, a decrease in the cost of feed protein and an improvement in environmental protection. According to the authors, this is due to an increase in the content of difficult-to-digest protein in the diets of high-yielding cows
Важливими факторами, які позначаються на формуванні майбутньої продуктивності корів є спосіб утримання телят молозивного і молочного періодів вирощування, постійність складу і розмір за чисельністю поголів’я технологічних груп теличок в різні періоди онтогенезу. Значною проблемою залишається відсутність чітких позицій стосовно розміру технологічних груп при переведенні телят з індивідуального утримання на групове, допустимих показників мінливості живої маси, віку телиць при формуванні технологічної групи, розмірів фронту годівлі при вирощуванні телят. У статті наведено результати досліджень по удосконаленню вирощування телиць української чорно-рябої породи в умовах ДП ДГ «Кутузівака» Харківської області. Науково-господарський дослід був зорієнтований на обґрунтування ефективності впливу різної кількості телиць у технологічній групі на їх ріст, розвиток у молочному періоді онтогенезу. Встановлено, що фактичної різниці в споживанні корму у кожній серії досліду між тваринами в кожній групі 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 голів і площею лігва 1,8 м2 – 2,2 м2 на глибокій солом’яній підстилці не виявлено. А при порівнянні технологічних груп: 5-20, 10-20, 15-20 голів була виявлена різниця. Експериментально доведено, що застосування вирощування телиць за 10 денного віку до 6 міс безприв’язно на глибокій солом’яній підстилці в групових секціях 5–10 та 15 голів порівняно з аналогами 20 гол, сприяло підвищенню приросту живої маси в середньому за період експерименту на 13,7–19,0 % (Р<0,05). Встановлено, що технологія вирощування у осінньо – зимовий період в приміщеннях полегшеного типу сприяє підвищенню середньодобового приросту від 16,7 до 23,3 % (Р<0,05). За зазначених умов вирощування телиць в технологічних групах 5, 10 та 15 голів в порівнянні з аналогами – 20 гол відбувається скорочення витрат кормів на 1 кг приросту живої маси на 23,6–36,0 % (Р<0,05). За результатами багатокритеріального аналізу встановлено, що утримання теличок в технологічній групі 15 голів та площі 2,2 м2 на голову було найкращим, цільова функція для якого за розглянутими критеріями була меншою і становила 0,0877. Інші варіанти були гіршими в 1,0160–3,3854 рази.
The influence of age and live weight at conception on the consumption of metabolizable energy and crude protein during 6 months of pregnancy, processes of their growth and development was studied. The gain of live weight of springer heifers during the first three months of pregnancy was determined to be 67,0±3,66 kg in group I, 65,0±5,26 kg in group II and 49,0±4,40 kg in group III. Studying the growing power of the animals during 0-3 months (92 days) of pregnancy, the springer heifers of groups I and II were found to be superior to the herdmates of the group III by 196g and 174g or 26,9 and 24,4% (p<0,01) in terms of the average daily gain. Comparing the characteristics of the live weight gain at 4-6 months (92 days) of pregnancy, the springer heifers of groups I and II were found to be significantly superior to their analogues in group III by 29.0 and 28.0 kg. The springer heifers of groups I and II outweighed their herdmates of group III by 316 and 305 g or 43,4% and 47,5% (p<0,001) in terms of the average daily gain. It is necessary to underline that animals of groups I and II had higher gain of live weight during the whole experimental period by 47,0 and 43,0 kg or 58 and 53% as compared to the analogues of group III. According to the results of multicriteria analysis, for group I the objective function was determined to be lower and was 0.0359 on the examined criteria, while the objective functions of groups II and III were worse at 1.4 and 12.1 respectively. At the same time, the animals in group II were 8.6 times superior to their analogues in group III. It indicates the superiority of animals in groups I and II with a productive mating age of 14.8-15.3 months and a live weight of 373-414 kg. They had a more intensive gain of live weight during pregnancy and spent less energy and crude protein feed per kilo of gain. The linear, partial quadratic and partial quadratic regressions were developed to describe the correlation between the increase of live weight of heifers and their age and live weight at the time of conceiving and the consumed metabolizable energy and crude protein for 6 months of pregnancy. The season of the year was determined to have no significant impact on the heifers' development during the pregnancy period in the herd and their further milk productivity.
The article presents the results of research on the influence of duration of kneading of udder of springer heifers on further development of mammary gland and future productivity of cows. An important chain of effective dairy farming is the accurate organisation of herd reproduction, preparation of springer heifers for calving and lactation and milking of first calves. It has been determined that during the formation of productivity of dairy animals the first pregnancy has a decisive importance. The specific feature of this physiological state is that complex morphological and functional changes in the reproductive organs happen for the first time in the body, and pregnancy, calving and lactation proceed in the further formation of the animal organism. One of the most significant stressors on the first calving heifer's body is the first birth in combination with machine milking. The inability to overcome the influence of the first milking stress factor is the reason why some first calves are already being eliminated at this phase of the technological chain in commercial milk production. One of the techniques that can reduce the impact of the above mentioned stress factors is udder massage of springer heifers. To study effectiveness of manual massage of udder of springer heifers its duration (from 1 to 4 min.) was tested. There was also studied the effect of different durations of manual massage on the performance of heifers and their morphological traits. The experiment was carried out in SE "Ukrainka Slobodskaya" by IAS NAAS on animals of Ukrainian black-motley dairy breed. For that, five groups were formed with different duration of manual massage (I - 1min, II - 2min, III - 3min, IV - 4min, V - without massage). Massage was started in the 6th month of pregnancy. It was found that kneading of udder of springer heifers compared to no massage increased udder of first calving heifers according to the following measurements: udder girth by 17,4 - 18,7 % (P≤0,05), width 17,9 - 23,7 (P≤0,05), length 15,9 - 20,7 (P≤0,05), depth 16,1 - 20,8 (P≤0,05). It should be noted that using different time of hand massage (groups I-IV) positively shortens the time of litter secretion and increases milk production by 11.7 - 12.3%.
The article examines the problem of forming groups of heifers in the dairy period in order to obtain cows with high milk productivity, as increasing milk production is an important and complex problem of agricultural science and practice. The results of a study on improving the breeding of heifers of the Ukrainian black-and-white dairy breed in the conditions of the State Enterprise "Kutuzivka" of Kharkiv region are presented.Scientific and economic research was focused on substantiating the effectiveness of the influence of different numbers of heifers in the technological group on their growth and development in the milk period of ontogenesis. It was found that the actual difference in feed consumption in each series of experiments between animals in each group of 5-10-15-20 heads and a den area of 1.8 m2-2.2 m2 on deep straw litter was not. And when comparing technological groups of 5-20, 10-20, 15-20 heads, differences were revealed. In the production conditions of the dairy complex of SE Kutuzivka of Kharkiv region, the experiment was conducted in the spring-summer period. The experimental groups were formed as follows: for research, four technological groups of heifers with a population of 5, 10, 15 and 20 heads in each were selected, which were kept on a deep straw litter with a den area of one head 1.8–2.0 – 2.2 m2. It is experimentally proven that the use of growing heifers from 10 days of age to 6 months. loose on a deep straw litter in group sections of 5, 10 and 15 heads compared to the counterparts of 20 heads, contributed to an increase in live weight gain on average during the experiment by 20.5-22.5 % (P <0.05) . It is established that the technology of cultivation in the spring-summer period in the premises of light type contributes to the increase of the average daily increase from 27.2% to 30.3 % (P <0.05). Under these conditions of growing heifers in the technological groups of 5, 10 and 15 heads in comparison with the analogues of the group of 20 heads there was a reduction in feed consumption per 1 kg of live weight gain by 20.4 –26.5 %. Analysis of the results on the formation of technological groups of heifers in the production conditions of the dairy complex showed that the maintenance of heifers in the technological group of 15 heads and an area of 1.8 m2 per head is the best. Since the results of the comparative analysis of the complex efficiency of each of the options N(Ck)compared to the idealized, showed a significant advantage of this option, for which the target function according to the considered criteria was lower and was 0.0894. Other options were 1.0381 – 3.5839 times worse.
The influence of the calving season on milk production was determined to be 0.9% for 305 days of lactation on average across all farms. In loose-housing, the influence of the season was smaller (0.4%) compared to stall housing (1.6-5.5%). Seasonal differences in the milk output of first calving cows for stall housing was equal to 437-816 kg, and for loose-housing 192-283 kg (р<0.05). In some farms animals of autumn and winter calving were distinguished by the best milk output, while in other farms spring-winter calving cows were more productive. It indicates a significant influence on the production of first-borns by the conditions of housing. The analysis of the indices of lactation constancy according to I. Johansen and A. Hanson indicates that the smallest decrease in milk output in the period of the next 14 weeks of lactation compared to the first 14 weeks of lactation was characterized by the first-borns of the experimental farm "Kutuzivka", and the largest by the animals of the experimental farm "Gontarivka". According to H. Turner's index, the differences between the peak monthly milk output and the milk output per lactation were the smallest in the first calving cows of the experimental farm "Stepne". Lactation curves of the cows that calved in the autumn-winter period had a steady character, which gradually decreased at maximum productivity for 3-4 months of lactation. In the first 3 months of lactation their herdmates of spring-summer calving also had an increase in milk output which fell dramatically in the following months when the animals were conveyed to winter-stall housing and a decrease in the completeness of feeding cows during this period. According to variance analysis, differences in daily milk output for each of the ten months of lactation were possible (p<0.001). The highest peak of daily output in all farms was obtained from first calving cows of spring calving which explained by the best conditions of housing and feeding during the calving period. Seasonal differences in the peak daily milk output of first calving cows ranged from 2.0 to 2.5 kg for stall housing and from 1.2 to 1.4 kg for loose-housing (p<0.001).
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