Miscanthus × giganteus (M. × giganteus) is a perspective plant produced on marginal and contaminated lands with biomass used for energy or bioproducts. In the current study, M. × giganteus development was tested in the diesel-contaminated soils (ranged from 250 mg kg−1 to 5000 mg kg−1) and the growth dynamic, leaves quantity, plants total area, number of harvested stems and leaves, SPAD and NPQt parameters were evaluated. Results showed a remarkable M. × giganteus growth in a selected interval of diesel-contaminated soil with sufficient harvested biomass. The amendment of soil by biochar 1 (produced from wastewater sludge) and biochar 2 (produced from a mixture of wood waste and biohumus) improved the crop’s morphological and physiological parameters. Biochar 1 stimulated the increase of the stems’ biomass, while biochar 2 increased the leaves biomass. The plants growing in the uncontaminated soil decreased the content of NO3, pH (KCl), P2O5 and increased the content of NH4. Photosynthesis parameters showed that incorporating biochar 1 and biochar 2 to the diesel-contaminated soil prolonged the plants’ vegetation, which was more potent for biochar 1. M. × giganteus utilization united with biochar amendment can be recommended to remediate diesel-contaminated land in concentration range 250–5000 mg kg−1.
To get additional tools for the assessment of carbon sequestration, along with the visual assessment of soil coloration with the applying of A. H. Munsell’s atlas, the analysis of color and spectral characteristics of soil using portable colorimeter NixPro and reflectometer Our Sci Reflectometer was carried out in this study. Elemental analysis of soil samples using X-ray fluorescence analysis was performed and the content of organic carbon was estimated. The spectral range of reflected light, which correlates most with the content of organic soil substance, was singled out. Based on the data, received by methods of reflectometry and colorimetry, prognostic regression models were constructed. A multiple linear regression equation with a statistically authentic luminosity predictor (L*) (R2=0.61) was obtained. It allows describing the link between the content of the organic substance in the studied soils and the parameters of the color setting system CIELab, as well as the equation describing 69 % of the data link dispersion between the integrated reflection coefficient and the organic carbon content of the soil. The link between the integral reflection coefficient and the total organic substance content was found. The most correlated spectral range with the content of organic substance – 500–632 nm was singled out. Regression models, which were based exclusively on the spectral data of pre-treated H2O2 soils, increased their predictability by 8–10 %. Approaches that can complement the tools for rapid determination of the organic carbon content in the soil were presented in the work. Researchers are expanding their arsenal of technical support for estimation of color or spectral coefficients of light reflection, based on which it is possible to conduct geospatial analysis and determine the content of the organic substance in low-humus soils with a probability of 69 %.
The purpose of this work is to determine the hydrochemical parameters of the water of the river Seret and the features of the accumulation of heavy metals by bivalve molluscs Unio pictorum L. to predict the chemical contamination of the reservoir in the near future. Water samples for the study were taken in spring (April) and summer (July) from the Seret River at two points: above and below Ternopil. It is established that the chemical composition of the water of the river Seret is formed under the influence of a number of factors, but seasonal and anthropogenic factors play a dominant role. In the spring season, a number of hydrochemical indicators (pH, water hardness, concentration of ΝΟ 2-, ΝН4+, Сl- ions and metals) have lower values than in the summer. In addition, there is an increase in the amount of organic matter, ammonium cations, nitrite ions, chloride ions, phosphate ions and a decrease in oxygen concentration below Ternopil, especially in the summer season. This is evidence that the Seret River is under significant anthropogenic impact. An increase in the concentration of metals (Mn, Cu and Pb) in summer below Ternopil was revealed, which may be due to the discharge of insufficiently treated wastewater. The series of metal concentrations in the water of the Seret River looks as follows Mn → Zn → Pb → Cd → Cu, and the series of accumulation of metals in the tissues of molluscs Unio pictorum L. has the form Zn → Mn → Cu → Pb → Cd. On the basis of bioaccumulation coefficients of heavy metals by molluscs, a prediction of the situation on their content in water for the short term based on the theory of Markov chains was made. This theory allows us to make forecasts of a factor, taking into account the possibility of accidental influences on the environment, and to investigate the highest probability of finding a factor in a certain numerical parameter. The possibility of using economic and mathematical modelling tools and statistical methods based on correlation-regression analysis using modern Matlab information systems to identify correlations between chemical indicators of water quality and biological molluscs for modelling the environmental situation of the river Seret and assessing the contribution of the studied indicators in pollution of small rivers is shown.
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