Вожегова Р.А.-доктор сільськогосподарських наук, професор, член-кореспондент Національної академії аграрних наук України https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3895-5633 Інститут зрошуваного землеробства Національної академії аграрних наук України Боровик В.О.-кандидат сільськогосподарських наук, старший науковий співробітник https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0705-2105 Інститут зрошуваного землеробства Національної академії аграрних наук України Рубцов Д.К.-науковий співробітник https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9776-0844 Інститут зрошуваного землеробства Національної академії аграрних наук України Біднина І.О.-кандидат сільськогосподарських наук, старший науковий співробітник https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8351-2519 Інститут зрошуваного землеробства Національної академії аграрних наук України Клубук В.В.-науковий співробітник https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6507-4006 Інститут зрошуваного землеробства Національної академії аграрних наук України
Aim. The purpose of the research is to determine the manifestation of the feature “seed weight from a plant” (the, parental forms) and hybrids, to establish the level of variability behind the soybean varieties in the F2–F5 hybrid combinations, to determine the effectiveness of selections for productivity in terms of the “seed weight from a plant” indicator from the hybrid populations of the F2–F5. Methods. The field, selection and genetic, calculation and comparative methods of the research were used. The varieties that are different in terms of fecundity and origin, also hybrids F1 and hybrid populations F2–F5 were studied. Selections on the basis of the “seed weight from a plant” were carried out in the F2–F5 populations. Results. It has been established that in soy characteristic “seed mass from a plant” has significant genotypic variability and has significant differences in varieties of different groups of ripeness, which may be a prerequisite for predicting the effective selection for this factorial trait. A high correlation of this trait with seed yield was also established. The proportion of the families from the selections, that were carried out in the F3 populations, exceeded the seed yield standard and was in the range of 28.0–37.5%. In the second generation of hybrids the efficiency of selection was 1.5–2 times lower. Conclusions. The highest yield of high-yielding genotypes, reached by the “seed mass from a plant” indicator was obtained from the F3 populations. To create the new high-yielding soybean varieties with a 3.5–5.5 t/ha yield under irrigation conditions, it is promising to use in the crossings the variety samples which are contrastive by groups of ripeness and genetic pedigree. Keywords: variety, soybean, hybrid, population, yield, irrigation.
Goal. To establish the optimal parameters of photosynthetic activity of crops of mid-season soybean variety Sviatogor in conditions of irrigation in the South of Ukraine depending on plant density and doses of nitrogen fertilizers. Methods. The field -for determination of yield; calculation -for optimization of doses of mineral fertilizers, plant density; measurement-weighе -for fixation of plant height, leaf area, and photosynthetic indices. Results. The density of sowing significantly influenced the leaf area of soybean plants, its indices varied in the range of 23.5 -47.38 thousand m 2 /ha at the density of 300 thousand plants/ha; 26.19 -52.42 thousand m 2 /ha at the density of 600 thousand plants/ha; 50.56 -49.92 thousand m 2 /ha at the density of 900 thousand plants/ha. It was fixed that the leaf area of plants in the plots with the introduction of N 30 and N 60 was 50% and 49% more than in the variant without fertilizers. High yield was provided by the density of plants 600 t/ha on the background of fertilizers N 30 and N 60 . Conclusions. For the first time for the South of Ukraine, features are determined of the formation of the photosynthetic activity of soybean crops of mid-season variety Sviatohor depending on plant density and doses of nitrogen fertilizers, providing the yield at the level of 4.32 -4.47 t/ha. The best performance of interfacial photosynthetic capacity (beginning of flowering -beginning of seed ripening) -1.38 -1.23 million m2 of days/ha, and over the vegetation period -3.45 -3.19 million m 2 of days/ha were formed in areas where the plant density was 600 thousand plants/ha on the background of N 30 and N 60 respectively. Correlation is determined between the yield level and the studied factors. It is found that the maximum leaf area in the ripening phase of the seeds is 52.42 thousand m 2 /ha at a plant density of 600 thousand plants/ha, and the rate application of nitrogen fertilizer involves a dose of N 30 .
Goal. The study of introduced soybean samples to isolate genetic sources of the main biological and economically valuable traits for further use in the breeding process. Results and Discussion. The article highlights the results of research for 2016-2018. study of introduced soybean samples for a complex of economically valuable traits. The samples origin from Ukraine (17), Canada (.), Australia, France (2 each) and the USA (1 sample). According to the results of the research, the sources of valuable economic traits were identified: with very short growing season, seedlings-full ripeness (98 days) –Marysia (UKR), short (101 – 120 days) – 14 samples; yield excess in relation to the standard – 6 samples. Among the varieties studied in 2018 for ultra-ripeness and yield, the Samorodok and Zhemchuzhyna varieties were stood out. The level of relationships between the main elements of sample productivity has been established. Common to all varieties was the closest connection between the number of seeds per plant and productivity, which was within r = 0.76 – 0.97, exept Triada varietiy. A close correlation between productivity and the number of nodes (r = 0.91) was established for the Samorodok variety, between productivity and the diameter of the first interstice (r = 0.93) – for the Feieriia variety. The established level of links between the main elements of the productivity of samples, which are planned to be used later in the breeding work, for the development of a model of varieties. Conclusions. Attraction of new soybean samples to the collection, their study and application in the selection process is the way to create high-yielding, adapted to irrigated growing conditions, resistant to diseases and the occurrence of soybean varieties that meet the requirements of producers.
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