The purpose of this study was to determine the frequencies of alleles and genotypes of the Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) gene (ID: 399503) in Landrace, Large White and Duroc pigs in Russia and to evaluate the impact on productive traits of pigs. Polymorphism was genotyped using PCR-RFLP method. In the course of studies we observed a different distribution of allele and genotype frequencies of different breeds. In all breeds under study all three genotypes AA, AB, BB were determined. The results of this study suggest that the LIF gene promotes the reproductive traits of pigs. The AA genotype sows compared to BB genotype analogues have better Total Number of Born (TNB) and Number Born Alive (NBA) by 1.4 and 1.3 (p<0.01) in Landrace sows, 1.3 and 0.9 (p<0.05) in Large White and 2.0 and 3.3 (p<0.001) in Duroc, respectively. The AB genotype sows exhibit intermediate values, which testifies the concentration of a favorable A allele in the pig genotype of animals contributing to the fertility. Our research revealed a positive effect of A allele and AA genotype that indicates the possibility to use this polymorphism in improving reproduction traits of sows.

A comparative analysis of full-genome sequences of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) of the original inbred line 3629 and three extranuclear mutants, which were obtained by the method of mutagenesis induced with N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU) and characterized by different level of chlorophyll insufficiency (en:chlorina-7-yellow-green leaves; chlorophyll content (a + b)-67.8% with respect to the line 3629, variegated-10-leaves with white zones; chlorophyll content (a + b)-2.9% with respect to the line 3629 and variegated-13-leaves with yellow zones; chlorophyll content (a + b)-6.1% with respect to the line 3629), has been carried out. Single-parent maternal inheritance of chlorophyll defects was confirmed by analysis of progeny obtained from reciprocal crossbreedings between the original line 3629 and mutants. Chlorophyll mutants carried modified cpDNA unique for each mutant. We anticipate that chlorophyll defect of en:chlorina-7 may control the observed non-synonymous mutations (transitions) in the genes rpoB, psaA and psbB, which encode β-subunit of RNA-polymerase, the A1 apoprotein of chlorophyll a of the photosystem I, P700 and 47 kDa protein of the photosystem II respectively. In variegated-10, it may control mutations in the genes rpoA and rpoC2, which encode α and β" subunits of RNA-polymerase and in variegated-13-two mutations in the ycf3 gene that encodes photosystem I assembly factor.

Evaluation of DNA polymorphisms of breeding material of sunflower from L.A. Zhdanov Don Experimental Station of oil Crops of V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops represented by 17 maternal (CMS) lines and 12 paternal (Rf) lines was conducted. There were identified 35 allelic variants of CMS lines and 42 allelic variants of Rf lines with use of 11 SSR markers. It is shown that the level of genetic diversity of microsatellite loci of CMS lines is 1.2 times lower than that of Rf lines. The average number of alleles per SSR locus for maternal lines also lowers than for paternal lines. In addition, CMS lines and Rf lines differ in the frequency of alleles of SSR loci. Thus, the discriminatory capacity of the studied marker system for identification of cultivated sunflower lines was quite high and is suitable for certification of the lines.

The aim of our work is to identify the single and combined effect of MC4R and GH polymorphism genes on growth and reproduction traits of pigs. The study was carried out on 204 crossbred F1 females (♀Landrace х ♂Large White) of the Breeding Farm in Russia. The analyzed productive traits were: The number of Days to 100-kg (Days to 100 kg), Length of Body (LB), Backfat Thickness (BF) and Number of piglets Born Alive (NBA). The G1426A of MC4R and G316A of GH polymorphism were determined by PCR-RFLP method. The results showed a significant additive effect of MC4R (G1426A) on all analyzed traits and dominant effect on LB and NBA. With better Days to 100 kg associated genotype AA/MC4R, but the best indicators LB, BF and NBA installed for genotype GG/MC4R. The single effect of GH was determined to BF (dominant effect) and NBA (additive effect). The effect of genotype AG/GH on BF was observed in combination with genotypes of MC4R. In our studies we observed only six combinations of MC4R and GH genes instead of nine theoretically expected. The detected genotypes were following: AA/MC4R -AG/GH, AA/MC4R -GG/GH, AG/MC4R -AA/GH, AG/MC4R -AG/GH, AG/MC4R -GG/GH, GG/MC4R -GG/GH. The combination effect is defined for genotype AA/MC4R with genotypes of GH. The best means for all studied productivity traits were observed for the combination AA/MC4R-AG/GH. The combined effect of genotype AG/MC4R with genotypes of GH was not identified, but it was observed independently influence of MC4R on Days to 100 kg and NBA and GH on BF. The genotype GG/MC4R was detected only in combination with GG/GH genotype, which does not allow evaluating the combination effect of other GH genotypes.

The purpose of this study was to confirm the relation between polymorphism of POU1F1, GH, PRLR and MC4R genes and economically important traits of the Duroc pigs bred in Russia. Studies were carried out on purebred Duroc breed pigs (male n = 360). All pigs were kept under identical and standard conditions. The traits of analysis: The number of Days to 100-kg (Days to 100 kg), Average Daily Gain (ADG), Length of Body (LB) and Backfat Thickness (BF). The additive and dominance effects of genes were calculated. The signification effects were found for POU1F1 on LB (a = 0.75); GH on Days of 100 kg (a = 2.43), LB (d = 0.71); PRLR on Day of 100 kg (d = 1.11) and ADG (d =-29.73); MC4R on Days of 100 kg (a = 2.58; d = 2.49) and LD (d =-0.83). Our result showed the influence of POU1F1, GH, PRLR and MC4R on the growth trait and perceptivity of their use in breeding programs.

A mixer with vacuum deposition of fat-vitaminous additives was developed to improve the quality of granular compound feed. Additives are applied to the granules, and as a result of high vacuum in the drum penetrate inside. This technology reduces conversion of compound feeds and abrasion of granules. Keywords mixer, vacuum deposition, high vacuum, conversion, compound feed. fln-84@mail.ru

Воронежский государственный университет инженерных технологий, пр-т Революции, 19, г. Воронеж, 394036, Россия Реферат. В последние десятилетия эксергетический метод термодинамического анализа стал неотъемлемой частью научных исследований, особенно проводимых в области техники и технологий сушки зерна. Известно, что информация, полученная при проведении эксергетического анализа недоступна при использовании других видов анализа, например, энергетического. В статье продемонстрированы преимущества и перспективы углубленного эксергетического анализа, целью которого является расширение информации, полученной исследователями при анализе энергопреобразующей системы, в разработке стратегий при термодинамическом совершенствовании энергопреобразующих систем, частным случаем которых являются сушилки и холодильные машины. В работе приведена оценка термодинамической эффективности технологии осциллирующей сушки семян масличных культур с учетом степени использования различных видов энергии, затрачиваемых в технологических процессах, исходя из свойств сырья, осуществленной над системой работы и суммарного количества всех видов энергии, привлеченных извне. Основной задачей являлась оценка на основе второго закона термодинамики степени термодинамического совершенства технической системы в целом, а также выявление этапов технического процесса, на которых сосредоточены основные потери эксергии, с целью повышения эффективности ее работы. Для оценки энергоэффективности рассматриваемой технологии нами был выполнен анализ, основанный на методике Бродянского, в соответствии с моделью окружающей среды Шаргута, который показал ее высокую степень термодинамического совершенства за. счет использования отработанных теплоносителей и организации работы системы в замкнутом цикле. Высокая энергоэффективность рассматриваемой теплотехнологической системы свидетельствует о целесообразности использования холодильных машин, работающих в режиме теплового насоса при осциллирующей сушке с организацией замкнутых циклов теплоносителей. Смешивание холодного и горячего воздуха в различных пропорциях дает возможность оптимизировать параметры сушки в соответствии с видом масличного сырья и его начальными свойствами. Ключевые слова: эксергетический анализ, масличные культуры, закон термодинамики

Abstract:Birds are unique models for molecular studies on aging processes and cellular senescence because of their slow rates of aging and comparatively long life spans among homoeothermic animals. The study aimed to examine the relative telomere length and amount of nuclear, mitochondrial DNA lesions in hens of different ages and to find out the correlation between these biomarkers of aging. The study was carried out on hens of crossbreed «High Sex Brown» of different age groups -1, 75, 225, 330, 450 days old. The measurements of telomeres and DNA damage were done in red cells of hens using quantitative PCR technique. We found out that the amount of telomeric DNA reduced significantly with age. Telomere length ratio to control group (1 day old) made up: 0.88±0.08 for 75 days old, 0.73±0.07 for 225 days old, 0.66±0.1 for 330-days old and 0.58±0.12 for 450 days old. The amount of DNA lesions in both genomes had great, age-dependent increase. The relative quantity of lesions per 10 kb detected in the nuclear DNA were as follows: 0.17±0.19 for 75 days old, 0.66±0.21 for 225 days old, 1.02±0.33 for 330-days old and 1.48±0.45 for 450 days old and the relative quantity of lesions in mtDNA were as follows: 0.11±0.06 for 75 days old, 0.84±0.23 for 225 days old, 1.18±0.3 for 330-days old and 1.49±0.35 for 450 days old. The results obtained are of fundamental interest for aging processes, as well as could have an economic value for poultry farming.