The study aims at elucidating the effect of bacilli probiotic preparations on the physiology of laying hens and roosters. Probiotic formulations were prepared as soybean products fermented by Bacillus subtilis KATMIRA1933 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-1895. In this study, groups of male and female chickens were used. These groups received a probiotic preparation based on either B. subtilis KATMIRA1933 or B. amyloliquefaciens B-1895, or of a mixture of strains, from the first day to the age of 39 weeks. These preparations positively affected egg production, quality of sperm production, and quality and hatchery of eggs. Considering the simplicity and cost effectiveness of the soy-based probiotic preparation, these formulations should be considered as advantageous in modern livestock production.

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Background More than 70 cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) types have been identified in Helianthus , but only for less than half of them, research of mitochondrial organization has been conducted. Moreover, complete mitochondrion sequences have only been published for two CMS sources – PET1 and PET2. It has been demonstrated that other sunflower CMS sources like MAX1, significantly differ from the PET1 and PET2 types. However, possible molecular causes for the CMS induction by MAX1 have not yet been proposed. In the present study, we have investigated structural changes in the mitochondrial genome of HA89 (MAX1) CMS sunflower line in comparison to the fertile mitochondrial genome. Results Eight significant major reorganization events have been determined in HA89 (MAX1) mtDNA: one 110 kb inverted region, four deletions of 439 bp, 978 bp, 3183 bp and 14,296 bp, respectively, and three insertions of 1999 bp, 5272 bp and 6583 bp. The rearrangements have led to functional changes in the mitochondrial genome of HA89 (MAX1) resulting in the complete elimination of orf777 and the appearance of new ORFs - orf306, orf480, orf645 and orf1287 . Aligning the mtDNA of the CMS sources PET1 and PET2 with MAX1 we found some common reorganization features in their mitochondrial genome sequences. Conclusion The new open reading frame orf1287 , representing a chimeric atp6 gene, may play a key role in MAX1 CMS phenotype formation in sunflower, while the contribution of other mitochondrial reorganizations seems to appear negligible for the CMS development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12870-019-1637-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Shepherd's purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris) is a cosmopolitan annual weed and a promising model plant for studying allopolyploidization in the evolution of angiosperms. Though plant mitochondrial genomes are a valuable source of genetic information, they are hard to assemble. At present, only the complete mitogenome of C. rubella is available out of all species of the genus Capsella. In this work, we have assembled the complete mitogenome of C. bursa-pastoris using high-precision PacBio SMRT third-generation sequencing technology. It is 287,799 bp long and contains 32 protein-coding genes, 3 rRNAs, 25 tRNAs corresponding to 15 amino acids, and 8 open reading frames (ORFs) supported by RNAseq data. Though many repeat regions have been found, none of them is longer than 1 kbp, and the most frequent structural variant originated from these repeats is present in only 4% of the mitogenome copies. The mitochondrial DNA sequence of C. bursa-pastoris differs from C. rubella, but not from C. orientalis, by two long inversions, suggesting that C. orientalis could be its maternal progenitor species. In total, 377 C to U RNA editing sites have been detected. All genes except cox1 and atp8 contain RNA editing sites, and most of them lead to non-synonymous changes of amino acids. Most of the identified RNA editing sites are identical to corresponding RNA editing sites in A. thaliana.

Abstract:The entire chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes of domesticated and wild type sunflower were sequenced. The comparative analysis of chloroplast genomes revealed 43 variant sites, including 21 polymorphic SSR loci and 22 SNPs. About 14 variant sites were found by collation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), among them 4 SSRs, 8 SNPs and 2 deletions. About 9 SNPs were located in coding region of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and single SNP was mapped in mitochondrial gene. Only three SNPs caused amino acid changes: Two SNPs in cpDNA and one mtDNA SNP. Despite the fact that sunflower mitochondrial genome sequence is twice as long as chloroplast genome sequence, mtDNA has one third as much variant sites than cpDNA.

BackgroundCytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a common phenotype in higher plants, that is often associated with rearrangements in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and is widely used to produce hybrid seeds in a variety of valuable crop species. Investigation of the CMS phenomenon promotes understanding of fundamental issues of nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions in the ontogeny of higher plants. In the present study, we analyzed the structural changes in mitochondrial genomes of three alloplasmic lines of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). The investigation was focused on CMS line PET2, as there are very few reports about its mtDNA organization.MethodsThe NGS sequencing, de novo assembly, and annotation of sunflower mitochondrial genomes were performed. The comparative analysis of mtDNA of HA89 fertile line and two HA89 CMS lines (PET1, PET2) occurred.ResultsThe mtDNA of the HA89 fertile line was almost identical to the HA412 line (). The comparative analysis of HA89 fertile and CMS (PET1) analog mitochondrial genomes revealed 11,852 bp inversion, 4,732 bp insertion, 451 bp deletion and 18 variant sites. In the mtDNA of HA89 (PET2) CMS line we determined 27.5 kb and 106.5 kb translocations, 711 bp and 3,780 bp deletions, as well as, 5,050 bp and 15,885 bp insertions. There are also 83 polymorphic sites in the PET2 mitochondrial genome, as compared with the fertile line.DiscussionThe observed mitochondrial reorganizations in PET1 resulted in only one new open reading frame formation (orfH522), and PET2 mtDNA rearrangements led to the elimination of orf777, duplication of atp6 gene and appearance of four new ORFs with transcription activity specific for the HA89 (PET2) CMS line—orf645, orf2565, orf228 and orf285. Orf228 and orf285 are the atp9 chimeric ORFs, containing transmembrane domains and possibly may impact on mitochondrial membrane potential. So orf228 and orf285 may be the cause for the appearance of the PET2 CMS phenotype, while the contribution of other mtDNA reorganizations in CMS formation is negligible.

The present work is devoted to investigation of the possibility to apply methods of Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS) to introgression the SalTol QTL into genotypes of elite Russian varieties of rice. It was shown that microsatellite markers Rm493, may be effectively used to control transfer the SalTol QTL genes into Russian populations of rice. Based on the highly productive variety "Novator", we obtained the lines Nov-129 and Nov-148 carrying loci SalTol in homozygous state. The lines Nov-129 and Nov-148 are used as an improved salt tolerance donor source to obtain hybrids tolerance to salinity.

In the current study, we performed in vivo investigation of probiotic intake influence on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA damage of hens, using quantitative PCR techniques. The probiotic supplementation to the diet of Hisex Brown hens had no significant effect on the rate of telomere shortening. After prolonged probiotic intake (225 and 445 days), the 18-21% decrease in the mtDNA lesions was detected. Since avian mitochondrial DNA damage investigations are rare, the current study of the probiotic-enriched diet's impact on the damage of the hen mitochondrial DNA is novel and highly important. The decrease of mtDNA damage is a beneficial property, which could positively affect the reproductive aging of hens. The positive impact of probiotic supplementation on hens' performance traits such as hen-day egg production, egg weight and mass, and feed conversion ratio was observed.