Summary. Introduction: Today, the growing human exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields is of serious concern to the population and the international scientific community. Sources of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in residential areas include mobile radio base stations, signal repeaters, wireless broadband access points, TV and radio transmitters, satellite earth stations, radar and radio relay stations. Launching of 5G mobile networks will further complicate the electromagnetic situation in inhabited areas, especially in megacities where the size of exposed population is the largest. In the system of measures contributing to protection of the population from adverse health effects of electromagnetic fields, standards (regulations and other documents establishing electromagnetic fields permissible levels) play a significant role and lay the foundation for organizational and technical measures of protection. High importance of standards in ensuring electromagnetic safety served as the basis for our study. The objective of the study was to perform a comparative analysis of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields standards for inhabited areas and approaches to setting electromagnetic fields exposure levels adopted by different countries and international organizations. Methods: We reviewed of some aspects of biological effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, regulations setting electromagnetic fields exposure limits in different countries and recommended by ICNIRP, and approaches to establishing those limits. Conclusions: We found a significant discrepancy in radiofrequency electromagnetic fields limits adopted in different countries, the legal status and scope of regulatory documents. Differences in the methodology for the development, adoption and approval of electromagnetic fields standard accompanied by differences in their legal status prevent uniform EMF standard setting.
The biodiversity of algae of anthropogenically and technogenically disturbed terrestrial biotopes at the Bellingshausen Station of King George Island has been revealed. Fifty-three species of algae from five divisions were detected. Representatives of the cyanobacteria division dominated in the biotope studied. Almost all species belong to benthic forms, which corresponds well with the nature and origin of the biotopes. Differences in the composition of algocoenoses which developed on ornithogenic, mineral or anthropogenically polluted substrates were noted and characterized. The features of participation of different morphological types of algae in the process of organic mat formation have been emphasized. The biotopes of polar station surroundings were characterized by the dominance of cyanobacteria. Endemic species were not found.
Introduction. The Russian telecommunications industry is on the threshold of introducing 5G/IMT-2020 (5G) mobile communications. The expected technological innovations of the new generation standard will lead to an increase in the capacity of mobile operators ‘ networks, data transfer speeds, the emergence of new scenarios for the use of mobile communications and the development of innovative digital services. This will contribute to economic growth by increasing labour productivity, automation and introducing new technologies in various economy and human activity areas. At the same time, the electromagnetic environment (EMO) in the areas where people stay will also change. The purpose of the study is to consider the unique features of the architecture of the 5G network to predict the impact on the population of electromagnetic fields (EMF) of the radio frequency (RF) range. Material and methods. The study is analytical. The information base of the research was Russian strategic documents on the development of 5G technologies, articles published in domestic and foreign journals. Results. The primary input data for the construction of 5G networks are presented, allowing us to evaluate EMO and identify the new technology features that are significant in terms of the impact of RF electromagnetic fields on the population. The 5G network uses previously unused RF bands and new types of antennas. With the introduction of 5G, the density of base stations (BS) and access points will significantly increase, the heights of BS antennas will decrease, and the spatial and temporal characteristics of electromagnetic radiation will change substantially. Conclusion. The architecture of the 5G network differs significantly from the mobile communication standards of previous generations. The introduction of 5G networks will lead to a significant change in the electromagnetic background in the environment. An urgent task is to develop a theory of hygienic regulation of RF EMF for the population in a complex electromagnetic environment with simultaneous operation of 5G networks and previous generations and new approaches to determining the levels of EMF in the environment by computational and instrumental methods.
The functioning of the digital economy is accompanied by the intensive development of mobile communication system, the introduction of numerous wireless devices for various purposes that create radio frequency electromagnetic radiation in the human environment. It is important to solve the problems of ensuring electromagnetic safety of the population. The aim of the study is to substantiate the need for a technical and hygienic prognosis of the impact of radio frequency of electromagnetic radiation on the population in the digital economy in order to develop science - based recommendations for the prevention of the negative impact of EMF on the health of the population. The significance of forecasting is considered on the example of the development of a mobile radio communication system. The study included an analysis of the national program "Digital economy of the Russian Federation", "Concepts for creating and developing 5G/IMT-2020 networks in the Russian Federation", and scientific publications ELIBRARY.RU, PubMed Central Internet information platform, EMF-Portal RWTH Aachen University Internet platform, PubMed Central Internet resources and others. The rationale for the need for continuous forecasting of the impact of radio frequency radiation on the population and the structure of the forecast are presented. The article shows the importance of forecasting for the timely development of legal acts, methodological documents, technical and organizational measures to protect the population from the effects of electromagnetic fields and the need for a systematic approach to ensuring the electromagnetic safety of the population. In the context of the development of the digital economy, it is extremely relevant to develop a technical and hygienic forecast of the impact of radio frequency electromagnetic radiation on the population and scientific justification of measures to protect the population from EMF. When forming a forecast, it is necessary to apply a systematic approach to coordinate the entire range of measures to ensure electromagnetic safety of the population. The development of forecasts requires strong interdepartmental and interdisciplinary interaction. Research and scientific development in the field of electromagnetic safety of the population should have state funding. The "electromagnetic security" direction should be included in the national program "Digital economy of the Russian Federation".
Introduction. Under the regulations for civil aviation aerodromes, aerodrome territories (AT) are established. The analysis of the literature data shows that when considering the hygienic aspects of the operation of airfields, the authors focus on aviation noise and pollutants in the environment.The purpose of the study: to analyze the design documentation for the establishment of the AT of many civil aviation aerodromes to study the effects of electromagnetic fields of the radio frequency range created by antennas of modern transmitting radio engineering objects (TREO). Materials and methods. We studied regulatory documents on the procedure for establishing and using aerodrome territories, radio engineering support for airfields, technical characteristics and operating modes of modern radio equipment, and regulatory documents for ensuring electromagnetic safety of the population. The analysis of the project documentation for the organization of the aerodrome territory on the electromagnetic effects of seven civil aviation airfields was carried out.Results. The study found the electromagnetic environment in an open area to depend on the power of the radio object, the frequency range, the height of the antenna installation, the radiation pattern in the vertical and horizontal plane, and the combination of two survey radars in one position. Sanitary protection zones and restricted areas for communication and navigation facilities are located within the technical territory of the airfield. Zones of restriction of radar objects fall into the seventh subzone of the AT, established by the noise factor.Conclusion. According to regulatory documents, the justification of the boundaries of the seventh subzone of the AT of civil aviation airfields is established by the factor of noise and electro-magnetic effects, and air pollution. The experience of reviewing the project documentation for the establishment of near-aerodrome territories for electromagnetic effects shows that the zone of restriction of powerful radars can influence the formation of the seventh subzone of the AT. If the restriction zones go beyond the boundaries of the aerodrome land plot, then restrictions on the use of real estate objects and activities are imposed on the territories that fall within the zone.
Summary. Introduction: Location of weather surveillance radars near settlements, in residential areas and on airport premises makes it important to ensure safe levels of electromagnetic fields (EMF) when operating these radio transmitters. EMF maximum permissible levels for weather radars developed in the 1980s are outdated. Our objective was to analyze modern weather surveillance radars to develop proposals for improvement of radar-generated radiofrequency field monitoring. Materials and methods: We studied trends in meteorological radiolocation and technical characteristics of modern weather radars for atmospheric sensing and weather alerts, analyzed regulations for EMF measurements and hygienic assessment, and measured radiofrequency fields produced by weather radar antennas in open areas and at workplaces of operators. Results: We established that modern types of weather radars used in upper-air sensing systems and storm warning networks differ significantly in terms of technical characteristics and operating modes from previous generations. Developed in the 1980s, current hygienic standards for human exposures to radiofrequency fields from weather radar antennas are obsolete. Conclusions: It is essential to develop an up-to-date regulatory and method document specifying estimation and instrumental monitoring of EMF levels generated by weather radars and measuring instruments for monitoring of pulse-modulated electromagnetic radiation.
Contact welding is one of the most common types of welding. According to the technological method of obtaining joints, contact welding can be spot, relief, butt, suture. Spot contact welding a high productivity. Specialists use spot welding more often than other types of welding. The formation of permanent joints of materials occurs as a result of electric heating and deformation during compression. Workers warm up the products with pulses of alternating, direct or unipolar current of industrial frequency 50 Hz. Researchers have registered adverse factors at the welder's workplace that have an impact on health. These are high temperature, splashes and metal vapors, pulsed magnetic fields (PMF) of industrial frequency 50 Hz. The study aims to explore the levels of pulsed magnetic fields of industrial frequency of 50 Hz at workplaces during the operation of contact spot welding installations. The study included the study of the technology of contact spot welding, instrumental measurements and hygienic assessment of the levels of PMF of the industrial frequency of 50 Hz at the welders' workplaces during the operation of equipment in normal mode. Specialists have performed instrumental measurements of PMF levels with a TP2-2U milliteslameter during operation of three models of semi-automatic welding machines based on spot welding installations. The researchers recalculated the measured levels of magnetic field induction to the maximum operating current (Imax) possible during the technological process. Instrumental measurements showed that the magnetic field strength at the welders' workplaces depended on the type of installation, the distance from the radiation source, the localization of exposure, and welding of specific products. Experts registered the highest levels of magnetic fields in the arm area from 1096.0 to 5512.0 A/m. At the maximum operating current, the magnetic field strength can reach 13 678.0-11 024.0 A/m. The study showed that the intensity of pulsed magnetic fields of industrial frequency 50 Hz in the workplace can exceed the maximum permissible levels. To protect workers, it is necessary to limit the time of exposure to magnetic fields. Limitations. The studies are preliminary in nature and have limitations on the scope of the study.
OBJECTIVE: To study peculiarities of crew’s working conditions while navigating the Northern Sea Route and regulations in the field of labor protection for developing proposals to reduce seafarers’ health risks.MATERIALS AND METHODS: There was the use of data from domestic and foreign studies by habitability factors and natural environment of the Arctic zone, health status of different occupational groups of seafarers. Foreign regulations in the field of labor protection and domestic regulatory legal acts in the field of navigation safety and reduction of seafarers’ health risks were examined.RESULTS: The analysis of regulatory documents of international legislation showed that national documents should take security concerns into providing sanitary-hygienic and epidemiological situation on vessels. Current sanitary regulations (СП 2.5.3650-20) establish minimum crew health requirements to all types of sea transport on a limited number of production factors.DISCUSSION: In navigation on the Northern Sea Route a vessel crew is under additional load, caused by difficult navigation conditions and natural factors. However, current domestic regulations do not take into consideration peculiarities of the crew working life in the Arctic conditions and increased seafarers’ health risk.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.