Electromagnetic Radiation Safety: Russian National and International Regulatory Frameworks for Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields

Abstract

Summary. Introduction: Today, the growing human exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields is of serious concern to the population and the international scientific community. Sources of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in residential areas include mobile radio base stations, signal repeaters, wireless broadband access points, TV and radio transmitters, satellite earth stations, radar and radio relay stations. Launching of 5G mobile networks will further complicate the electromagnetic situation in inhabited areas, especially in megacities where the size of exposed population is the largest. In the system of measures contributing to protection of the population from adverse health effects of electromagnetic fields, standards (regulations and other documents establishing electromagnetic fields permissible levels) play a significant role and lay the foundation for organizational and technical measures of protection. High importance of standards in ensuring electromagnetic safety served as the basis for our study. The objective of the study was to perform a comparative analysis of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields standards for inhabited areas and approaches to setting electromagnetic fields exposure levels adopted by different countries and international organizations. Methods: We reviewed of some aspects of biological effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, regulations setting electromagnetic fields exposure limits in different countries and recommended by ICNIRP, and approaches to establishing those limits. Conclusions: We found a significant discrepancy in radiofrequency electromagnetic fields limits adopted in different countries, the legal status and scope of regulatory documents. Differences in the methodology for the development, adoption and approval of electromagnetic fields standard accompanied by differences in their legal status prevent uniform EMF standard setting.

Background levels and brain organoid impact of RF field exposure in a healthcare environment

“…Generally, radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure levels across a wide frequency spectrum remain very low in typical daily life situations. These exposure levels consistently fall well below 1 V/m when compared to the existing international limits for RF-EMF exposure (Grigoriev et al, 2020).…”

“…These devices monitor electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure over time in complex and heterogeneous environments. Numerous epidemiological studies (Gotsis et al, 2008;Troisi et al, 2008;Grigoriev et al, 2019;Grigoriev et al, 2020; International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection ICNIRP, 2020) have utilized PEMs to assess and evaluate EMF exposure in such environments. To measure the multispectral distribution of radiofrequency (RF) energy and determine the signal strength of specific frequencies, an experimental protocol was employed with the PEM.…”

“…This evaluation takes into consideration the long-term consequences associated with "non-thermal" effects (Grigoriev et al, 2019). There is a difference in approach to its protection (Grigoriev et al, 2020) and orientation to "thermal" recommendations (International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection ICNIRP, 2020) which actually determines the limit of EMB intensity connected with the physical destruction of biological tissue. However, the effectiveness of such "passive" protection of populations from the effects of EMB in conditions of intensive implementation of 4G/5G has been questioned.…”