Introduction. The Russian telecommunications industry is on the threshold of introducing 5G/IMT-2020 (5G) mobile communications. The expected technological innovations of the new generation standard will lead to an increase in the capacity of mobile operators ‘ networks, data transfer speeds, the emergence of new scenarios for the use of mobile communications and the development of innovative digital services. This will contribute to economic growth by increasing labour productivity, automation and introducing new technologies in various economy and human activity areas. At the same time, the electromagnetic environment (EMO) in the areas where people stay will also change. The purpose of the study is to consider the unique features of the architecture of the 5G network to predict the impact on the population of electromagnetic fields (EMF) of the radio frequency (RF) range. Material and methods. The study is analytical. The information base of the research was Russian strategic documents on the development of 5G technologies, articles published in domestic and foreign journals. Results. The primary input data for the construction of 5G networks are presented, allowing us to evaluate EMO and identify the new technology features that are significant in terms of the impact of RF electromagnetic fields on the population. The 5G network uses previously unused RF bands and new types of antennas. With the introduction of 5G, the density of base stations (BS) and access points will significantly increase, the heights of BS antennas will decrease, and the spatial and temporal characteristics of electromagnetic radiation will change substantially. Conclusion. The architecture of the 5G network differs significantly from the mobile communication standards of previous generations. The introduction of 5G networks will lead to a significant change in the electromagnetic background in the environment. An urgent task is to develop a theory of hygienic regulation of RF EMF for the population in a complex electromagnetic environment with simultaneous operation of 5G networks and previous generations and new approaches to determining the levels of EMF in the environment by computational and instrumental methods.
The seafarers carried out the professional activity in a complex electromagnetic environment (EME), with technical means, structural materials, depending on the purpose of the watercraft, architectural features, and vessel classification. There are static electric fields, permanent magnetic and low-frequency electric and magnetic fields on ships. Marine radio-electronic means (REM) creates Electromagnetic fields (EMF) of the radio frequency range that provide communication, the safety of navigation and operation, and solving navigation problems. According to the documents of the sanitary legislation, specialists carry out control of the maximum permissible EMF levels for watercraft and marine structures at the design stage of the vessel by calculating the intensity of electromagnetic fields during commissioning, instrumental control of EMF levels. There are new technical means in modern automated vessels of various types and purposes that create electromagnetic fields in the crew's stay zones, which makes it urgent to improve regulatory and methodological documents in the area of ensuring the electromagnetic safety of the team and passengers. The study aims to develop proposals for regulatory, methodological, and hardware control over compliance with the maximum permissible levels of electromagnetic fields on ships to ensure the electromagnetic safety of the crew. Generalization of materials of own research of EME on ships, systematization of sources of electromagnetic fields. Analysis of regulations in occupational safety and health for the protection of the crew from the effects of EME, methodological documents on the calculation forecasting, and instrumental determination of the levels of electromagnetic fields. Experts have revealed that there are electromagnetic fields of a wide frequency range in the premises of ships and on open decks. The study showed that electromagnetic fields of a wide frequency range are created in the premises of ships and on open decks. Indoors, the most significant is the impact on the crew of electric and magnetic fields with a frequency of 50 Hz created by the ship's electric power systems. In addition, on open decks (at workplaces and in crew recreation areas), the protection of the crew from EMF antennas of the radio frequency range is relevant. Therefore, it is necessary to develop methods for calculating the prediction of EMF levels and improve the means of measuring electromagnetic fields on ships. The most common sources of EMF in the crew's stay areas are radio communication and radar facilities, ship's electric power systems. The task of developing a methodological document on the calculated prediction of EMF levels in rooms and on open decks at the design stage of ships is urgent. In addition, it is necessary to develop devices-meters of electromagnetic fields for instrumental monitoring of EMF levels in actual operating conditions of the vessel.
Summary. Introduction: Location of weather surveillance radars near settlements, in residential areas and on airport premises makes it important to ensure safe levels of electromagnetic fields (EMF) when operating these radio transmitters. EMF maximum permissible levels for weather radars developed in the 1980s are outdated. Our objective was to analyze modern weather surveillance radars to develop proposals for improvement of radar-generated radiofrequency field monitoring. Materials and methods: We studied trends in meteorological radiolocation and technical characteristics of modern weather radars for atmospheric sensing and weather alerts, analyzed regulations for EMF measurements and hygienic assessment, and measured radiofrequency fields produced by weather radar antennas in open areas and at workplaces of operators. Results: We established that modern types of weather radars used in upper-air sensing systems and storm warning networks differ significantly in terms of technical characteristics and operating modes from previous generations. Developed in the 1980s, current hygienic standards for human exposures to radiofrequency fields from weather radar antennas are obsolete. Conclusions: It is essential to develop an up-to-date regulatory and method document specifying estimation and instrumental monitoring of EMF levels generated by weather radars and measuring instruments for monitoring of pulse-modulated electromagnetic radiation.
Contact welding is one of the most common types of welding. According to the technological method of obtaining joints, contact welding can be spot, relief, butt, suture. Spot contact welding a high productivity. Specialists use spot welding more often than other types of welding. The formation of permanent joints of materials occurs as a result of electric heating and deformation during compression. Workers warm up the products with pulses of alternating, direct or unipolar current of industrial frequency 50 Hz. Researchers have registered adverse factors at the welder's workplace that have an impact on health. These are high temperature, splashes and metal vapors, pulsed magnetic fields (PMF) of industrial frequency 50 Hz. The study aims to explore the levels of pulsed magnetic fields of industrial frequency of 50 Hz at workplaces during the operation of contact spot welding installations. The study included the study of the technology of contact spot welding, instrumental measurements and hygienic assessment of the levels of PMF of the industrial frequency of 50 Hz at the welders' workplaces during the operation of equipment in normal mode. Specialists have performed instrumental measurements of PMF levels with a TP2-2U milliteslameter during operation of three models of semi-automatic welding machines based on spot welding installations. The researchers recalculated the measured levels of magnetic field induction to the maximum operating current (Imax) possible during the technological process. Instrumental measurements showed that the magnetic field strength at the welders' workplaces depended on the type of installation, the distance from the radiation source, the localization of exposure, and welding of specific products. Experts registered the highest levels of magnetic fields in the arm area from 1096.0 to 5512.0 A/m. At the maximum operating current, the magnetic field strength can reach 13 678.0-11 024.0 A/m. The study showed that the intensity of pulsed magnetic fields of industrial frequency 50 Hz in the workplace can exceed the maximum permissible levels. To protect workers, it is necessary to limit the time of exposure to magnetic fields. Limitations. The studies are preliminary in nature and have limitations on the scope of the study.
OBJECTIVE: To study peculiarities of crew’s working conditions while navigating the Northern Sea Route and regulations in the field of labor protection for developing proposals to reduce seafarers’ health risks.MATERIALS AND METHODS: There was the use of data from domestic and foreign studies by habitability factors and natural environment of the Arctic zone, health status of different occupational groups of seafarers. Foreign regulations in the field of labor protection and domestic regulatory legal acts in the field of navigation safety and reduction of seafarers’ health risks were examined.RESULTS: The analysis of regulatory documents of international legislation showed that national documents should take security concerns into providing sanitary-hygienic and epidemiological situation on vessels. Current sanitary regulations (СП 2.5.3650-20) establish minimum crew health requirements to all types of sea transport on a limited number of production factors.DISCUSSION: In navigation on the Northern Sea Route a vessel crew is under additional load, caused by difficult navigation conditions and natural factors. However, current domestic regulations do not take into consideration peculiarities of the crew working life in the Arctic conditions and increased seafarers’ health risk.
Introduction. Among the population, smartphones are the most common mobile radio frequency receiving and transmitting devices with a complex operating system, a microprocessor, a large amount of memory, etc. It is an urgent task to measure and evaluate the smartphone electromagnetic fields (EMF) exposing to a person. The purpose of the study. Comparative analysis of domestic and foreign methodological approaches to measuring and evaluating electromagnetic fields of the radio frequency range (RF) created by smartphones. Materials and methods. Analysis of foreign and domestic regulatory and methodological documents, scientific publications on the measurement and evaluation of the effects of EMF of mobile phones. Conducting pilot instrumental measurements during the operation of smartphones in the real mode of using the subscriber terminal. Results. There are presented results of the study of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) of smartphones. The study of methodological approaches to measuring and evaluating the smartphone EMF in foreign and domestic regulatory and methodological documents, publications on the issue under consideration in scientific peer-reviewed journals. There have been performed pilot instrumental measurements of energy flux density (EFD) levels of EMF when different smartphone models are working indoors in dial mode. Limitations. The measurement of EMF levels by the broadband measuring instrument PZ-42 limited the possibilities of a detailed assessment of EMF. Conclusion. A detailed study of the EMF parameters created by smartphones in a wide range of frequencies and under various operating modes (data reception/transmission using the Internet, Wi-Fi connections, operation in router mode, etc.) is required. It is necessary to develop and manufacture domestic selective devices - EMF meters of the radio frequency range, including in the near zone radiation.
Introduction: The development of navigation support for flights takes place in an environment of constantly increasing intensity of aeronautics, stricter requirements for accuracy, volume, and reliability of navigation information, efficiency of its processing. Radio navigation aids are improving, thus necessitating assessment of the electromagnetic situation at the workplaces of the personnel servicing modern equipment. Objective: To study and assess electromagnetic fields in the work environment of personnel engaged in the maintenance and operation of modern means of radio navigation and aircraft landing. Materials and methods: The research was carried out at three civil aviation facilities (two airports and an airfield) in 2021–2022. We established the composition, technical characteristics of the equipment, its operating modes, and parameters of radio frequency signals and measured the levels of electromagnetic fields at workplaces using the P3–42 electromagnetic radiation level meter. Results: The personnel are exposed to multi-frequency modulated electromagnetic fields of varying intensity. During the operation of glide and course radio beacons, radio transmitting devices at the dispatchers’ workplaces, levels of energy flux density and electric field strength exceeding hygienic standards are not created. In the premises of the hardware remote and near drive beacons, during the operation of the drive automatic radio station, an excess of the hygienic standards for the intensity of the electric field of the medium-wave range established for an 8-hour working day was registered; in the territory, the radiation from the antennas did not exceed the maximum permissible levels. Conclusions: The professional activity of the personnel servicing modern means of radio navigation and aircraft landing is carried out in a complex electromagnetic environment. A specific feature of working conditions is the effect on the body of multi-frequency, modulated electromagnetic fields of varying intensity and duration of exposure. These characteristics of radio frequency signals are essential adverse parameters that affect the formation of body responses. When choosing devices measuring the levels of electromagnetic fields, it is necessary to take into account the modulation parameters of radio frequency signals.
Introduction. Under the regulations for civil aviation aerodromes, aerodrome territories (AT) are established. The analysis of the literature data shows that when considering the hygienic aspects of the operation of airfields, the authors focus on aviation noise and pollutants in the environment.The purpose of the study: to analyze the design documentation for the establishment of the AT of many civil aviation aerodromes to study the effects of electromagnetic fields of the radio frequency range created by antennas of modern transmitting radio engineering objects (TREO). Materials and methods. We studied regulatory documents on the procedure for establishing and using aerodrome territories, radio engineering support for airfields, technical characteristics and operating modes of modern radio equipment, and regulatory documents for ensuring electromagnetic safety of the population. The analysis of the project documentation for the organization of the aerodrome territory on the electromagnetic effects of seven civil aviation airfields was carried out.Results. The study found the electromagnetic environment in an open area to depend on the power of the radio object, the frequency range, the height of the antenna installation, the radiation pattern in the vertical and horizontal plane, and the combination of two survey radars in one position. Sanitary protection zones and restricted areas for communication and navigation facilities are located within the technical territory of the airfield. Zones of restriction of radar objects fall into the seventh subzone of the AT, established by the noise factor.Conclusion. According to regulatory documents, the justification of the boundaries of the seventh subzone of the AT of civil aviation airfields is established by the factor of noise and electro-magnetic effects, and air pollution. The experience of reviewing the project documentation for the establishment of near-aerodrome territories for electromagnetic effects shows that the zone of restriction of powerful radars can influence the formation of the seventh subzone of the AT. If the restriction zones go beyond the boundaries of the aerodrome land plot, then restrictions on the use of real estate objects and activities are imposed on the territories that fall within the zone.
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