Trifolium rubens is a Central European forest-steppe plant species reaching its eastern distribution limit in Ukraine and listed in the Red Book of Ukraine (2009).Our study was carried out in 2016–2020 and aimed to analyze the distribution of T. rubens in Ukraine, to identify the composition of phytocoenoses with T. rubens, and to evaluate the current state of its populations in the Zakarpattia region of Ukraine. The distribution of this species was analyzed based on data obtained from the field surveys, literature, online resources, and herbaria. In total, 78 localities of T. rubens were analyzed. Trifolium rubens was found to be distributed in Zakarpattia, Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ternopil, Rivne, Khmelnytskyi, Chernivtsi, and Vinnytsia regions of Ukraine. Two of these regions (Khmelnytskyi and Chernivtsi) were not mentioned before in the Red Book of Ukraine. The presence of T. rubens in Volyn, Zhytomyr, Cherkasy, and Kyiv regions is doubtful and not confirmed by recent data. Most localities of this species are known from Zakarpattia and Lviv regions.Three new localities were found in the Beregovo district of the Zakarpattia region in the foothills of the Volcanic Carpathians. The floristic compositions of the plant communities and ontogenetic structure of T. rubens populations in Beregovo and Mukachevo districts of the Zakarpattia region were investigated. Investigated populations are isolated with a dispersed disposition of plants on large areas. Trifolium rubens occurs here in meadow-steppe and meadow areas, on hillsides, and also participate in mesoxerophilous secondary (semi-natural) shrub communities in anthropogenically transformed areas. Often such populations are situated along pathways, on forest edges and fallow lands, and associated with ecotones of Trifolio-Geranietea sanguinei class. All studied populations were incomplete with the domination of generative shoots.
Реферат. Щучка антарктическая Desсhampsia antarctica (Poaceae) является важным эдификатором в экосистемах прибрежной Антарктики и оказывает существенное влияние на состав органического вещества почвы. Целью этого исследования является определение состава низкомолекулярных органических соединений в гумусово-дерновом горизонте лептосоли под D. antarctica и зональной серой лесной почвы под D. cespitosa. Необходимость сравнения состава и свойств почв под этими родственными видами растений обусловлена поиском маркеров, свойственных именно антарктическим почвам. В работе применены методы высокоэффективной жидкостной хроматографии для определения фенолов, фенолкарбоновых, фенилкарбоновых гидроксибензойных кислот, кумариновых производных и флавоноидов. Результаты исследований показали, что образцы гумусово-дернового горизонта Нd почвы под D. antarctica и D. cespitosa характеризуются близкими значениями рН (H 2 O), рН (CaCl 2) и удельной электропроводности. Содержание органического углерода в почвах под растениями этих видов также отличается незначительно и изменяется в пределах 101-114 мг•г-1. В исследованных почвах содержится примерно одинаковое количество фенолов и фенолкарбоновых кислот, а также гидроксибензойной кислоты. В то же время в почве под D. cespitosa выявлено на порядок меньше фенилкарбоновых кислот и в 5 раз меньше флавоноидов. Кроме того, обнаруженных в антарктической почве кумариновых производных (около 50 мкг•г-1) под D. cespitosa не было вообще. Учитывая значительную биологическую активность упомянутых выше классов органических веществ, можно сделать вывод, что обнаруженные различия обусловлены не столько условиями среды, сколько особенностями жизненного цикла щучки дернистой, а высокое содержание фенилкарбоновых кислот и кумариновых производных в почве под D. antarctica свидетельствует об особых процессах трансформации органического вещества почвы, требующих дальнейших исследований. Ключевые слова: Desсhampsia antarctica, Desсhampsia cespitosa, низкомолекулярные органические соединения, фенолы, водорастворимое органическое вещество.
The Antarctic hairgrass (Deschampsia antarctica É. Desv.) is one of two flowering plants native to the Antarctic and therefore it was intensively studied for decades. However, there is still limited information available about the content of biogenic and toxic elements in the leaves of this plant. While being an important component of the Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems, the content of nutrients like K, P, and S in the plants of D. antarctica may significantly affect soil properties, especially in such hot spots like rhizosphere and detritosphere. Moreover, the content of toxic elements and trace metals in particular in the plant is an important criterion to evaluate its indicative role, whether or not D. antarctica may be used as a bio-indicator to monitor the Antarctica environmental state. In this study, we report the preliminary results about the content of K, P, Ca, S, Mg, Na, Si, Fe, Zn, Al, Sr, Mn, Cu, B, Cr, Ba, V, Pb, Cd, and Co in the leaves of D. antarctica from the natural habitats of the maritime Antarctіс. Dry leaves were digested in nitric acid (closed-vessel microwave digestion). Elemental concentration was measured by ICP-OES technique. It was found that differences between the samples taken from one location were far less notable than between samples from different locations. Among the biogenic elements, the content of potassium was the most variable – from 12.2 mg·g-1 on Galindez Island to 28.7 mg·g-1 on the Cape Tuxen (Antarctic Peninsula). The content of trace metals also varied greatly between the samples from different locations. The results of this preliminary study suggest that due to the high content of nutrients, leaves of D. antarctica should be considered as an important precursor of soil organic matter, as well as a possible bioindicator. However, future studies are needed to confirm these preliminary results and hypotheses.
Salix herbacea is a relict plant species related to the circumpolar arctic-alpine element of the Holarctic group. The aim of the study was to clarify the data on the distribution of S. herbacea within the Maramures massif of the Ukrainian Carpathians, since this species is reported by different authors for the massif without specific geographical and habitats descriptions. Field studies were conducted in the Maramures massif on the slopes of Pip Ivan Marmarosky (1936 m a.s.l.) and Rapa (1872 m a.s.l.) mountains in 2017–2019. The S. herbacea distribution chorology was analyzed on the basis of the inventory of UU, KW, KWHA, LW, Herbarium of the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve and Herbarium of the Biology and Ecology Department of the Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University collections. We have found S. herbacea confined to cliffs on a rocky tourist path between the peaks of Pip Ivan Marmarosky and Rapa mountains in Rakhiv district of Transcarpathian region (Zakarpattia oblast). Moreover, these rocky formations were colonized by tall grasses such as Calamagrostis villosa, Poa pratensis, and Festuca picturata. Also was found the occurrence of Holarctic and Alpine-Carpathian species Vaccinium uliginosum, Potentilla aurea, Pulsatilla alba, Thamnolia vermicularis, and Cetraria islandica. The occurrence of these species was caused by decreasing livestock grazing intensity during the past years in this area. The exact location and phytocoenological conditions of the site, which is endangered and requires additional conservation measures, were outlined. The necessity of these measures to preserve the habitat of S. herbacea on the Maramures massif was stressed out.
Проаналізовано особливості формування органічної речовини в гумусоводерновому горизонті Leptic Cambisol Прибережної Антарктики під рослинами Deschampsia antarctica E. Desv. та Haplic Luvisol Лісостепу під рослинами Deschampsia сespitosa (L.) Р. Beauv. Проведено порівняльний аналіз внеску амінокислот вищих рослин у формування органічної речовини, чисельності мікроміцетів та актиноміцетів у ґрунті. Доведено необхідність дослідження процесів іммобілізації органічних речовин в ініціальних ґрунтах за низьких температур. Згідно з результатами досліджень відмінності у властивостях гумусово-дернових горизонтів таких ґрунтів слабкіше пов'язані з хімічним складом прекурсорів органічної речовини ґрунту, ніж вважали раніше. Встановлено, що ґрунтам низькотемпературних екосистем властива висока активність меланіновмісних мікроміцетів, які також задіяні в процесах формування гумусових сполук за «меланіновим» шляхом.
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