To optimize the allelopathic soil regime under perennial fruit plantations of M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of NAS of Ukraine the effect of silicon compounds on phytotoxic and biochemical properties of rhizosphere was examined. The organo-mineral mixture with nanoparticles of the natural siliceous mineral analcite was added (the norm of 500 kg/ha) in dark gray podzolized soil under 30-year-old fruit plantations from orchard areas. Soil samples were taken at a depth of 0-20, 20-40, 40-60 cm. Control for each fruit plant was soil without the silicon compounds. The biochemical state of the soil was evaluated by the redox potential (Eh) values. As a result of the addition of siliceous mixture to the soil its Eh increased in total 1.1-1.4 times, indicating a slowdown in the rate of accumulation of labile organic compounds involved in the phenomena of allelopathic interaction and post-action under the fruit plants. The lowest values of soil Eh were in the most enriched with organic matter upper horizon (0-20 cm) both in control and in the presence of silicon compounds. Phenolic allelochemicals concentration decreased in 1.1-3.1 times compared with the control in the soil with the addition of the mixture. The phenolic compounds content was the highest in the upper horizons and gradually decreased in the direction to the lower, which coincided with the revealed general course of redox processes for the investigated soil profiles. At the siliceous mixture influence, the ammoniaс nitrogen amount increased, especially in the soil under the cornel, which may inhibit the synthesis of phenols and prevent phytotoxicity on condition of calcium accumulation. The allelopathic properties of the soil changed due to the improvement its biochemical characteristics by the siliceous mixture action. The growth-stimulatory effect in relation to acceptor plants at 8-55% in comparison with the control was observed. The obtained data showed the efficacy of the silicon compounds use for the reduction of soil sickness in orchards, which is resulted from a decrease in phenolic allelochemicals concentration and phytotoxicity, optimization of redox and nutrient regimes.
Реферат. Щучка антарктическая Desсhampsia antarctica (Poaceae) является важным эдификатором в экосистемах прибрежной Антарктики и оказывает существенное влияние на состав органического вещества почвы. Целью этого исследования является определение состава низкомолекулярных органических соединений в гумусово-дерновом горизонте лептосоли под D. antarctica и зональной серой лесной почвы под D. cespitosa. Необходимость сравнения состава и свойств почв под этими родственными видами растений обусловлена поиском маркеров, свойственных именно антарктическим почвам. В работе применены методы высокоэффективной жидкостной хроматографии для определения фенолов, фенолкарбоновых, фенилкарбоновых гидроксибензойных кислот, кумариновых производных и флавоноидов. Результаты исследований показали, что образцы гумусово-дернового горизонта Нd почвы под D. antarctica и D. cespitosa характеризуются близкими значениями рН (H 2 O), рН (CaCl 2) и удельной электропроводности. Содержание органического углерода в почвах под растениями этих видов также отличается незначительно и изменяется в пределах 101-114 мг•г-1. В исследованных почвах содержится примерно одинаковое количество фенолов и фенолкарбоновых кислот, а также гидроксибензойной кислоты. В то же время в почве под D. cespitosa выявлено на порядок меньше фенилкарбоновых кислот и в 5 раз меньше флавоноидов. Кроме того, обнаруженных в антарктической почве кумариновых производных (около 50 мкг•г-1) под D. cespitosa не было вообще. Учитывая значительную биологическую активность упомянутых выше классов органических веществ, можно сделать вывод, что обнаруженные различия обусловлены не столько условиями среды, сколько особенностями жизненного цикла щучки дернистой, а высокое содержание фенилкарбоновых кислот и кумариновых производных в почве под D. antarctica свидетельствует об особых процессах трансформации органического вещества почвы, требующих дальнейших исследований. Ключевые слова: Desсhampsia antarctica, Desсhampsia cespitosa, низкомолекулярные органические соединения, фенолы, водорастворимое органическое вещество.
The patterns of the distribution of nutrients in kiwiberry (Actinidia arguta (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch. ex Miq.), family Actinidiaceae (Gilg & Werderm), leaves growing under different soil and climatic conditions (Ukraine and China) were studied. Using scanning electron microscopy, significant differences were shown in the distribution of assimilates and mineral nutrients in the leaves of kiwiberry cultivated under different climate and soil conditions (Kyiv city, Ukraine and Jiamusi, China). The leaves of plants grown in China have higher concentration of all of the studied nutrients exception for silicon. The differences found in the content of macro- and microelements in plant tissues are consistent with their total content in the soil, and depend on the synthesis of low molecular weight organic compounds, namely, hydroxybenzoic, benzoic and triterpene acids. An increase in the silicon content in the leaves of kiwiberry plants grown in Ukraine indicates the moisture deficit in the soil. This conclusion is confirmed by the anatomical differences viz. the presence of additional integumentary formations and fewer stomata number per 1 mm2 of leaf surface. The specific feature of ‘Perlyna sadu’ cultivar was high concentrations of sodium and aluminum in the foliar tissues, regardless of the place of growth. The analysis of the distribution of nutrients in the leaves located along the stem showed remobilization of the former within the three layers: the lower one nourishes the roots, the upper one nourishes the leaves in the active growth phase and the middle one allocates the assimilates in both directions. A significant positive relationship was found between the biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments and electrophysiological activity, especially for the leaves of the lower zone. The revealed differentiation into layers differing in polarity of bioelectric potentials and the distribution of assimilates suggests functional differentiation of the kiwiberry leaves. In particular, the leaves of the lower layer perform a storage function. The middle part is less conservative and characterized by higher sensitivity to environmental factors performs a mainly synthetic function. The upper layer performs an active growth function. The results of the comparative analysis of the indicators of the number of chloroplasts in the mesophyll cells proved that the obtained dependence can be used as a diagnostic criterion in assessing the predicted plant productivity at the early stages of their development.
Objective – to evaluate agrochemical, allelopathic and microbiological characteristics of the soil environment for Actinidia arguta (Siebold et Zucc.) Planch. ex Miq. plants cultivated in Ukraine and two provinces of China. Material and methods. The rhizosphere soil was sampled at 0–15 cm layer under A. arguta plants in the stage of fruit ripening in Ukraine (Kyiv city: North of Ukraine, Forest-Steppe zone, a temperate continental climate) and two provinces of China (Shandong: East China, a monsoon temperate zone; and Heilongjiang: Northeast China, continental monsoon climate). The concentrations of carbon, available forms of macro- and micronutrients, phenolic compounds in the soil samples were determined. pH and redox potential of soil were measured. Soil phytotoxicity was studied by direct bioassay method on cress (Lepidium sativum L.) root growth. Microbiological analyses of soil samples were conducted. Results. The dissimilarities in the concentrations of carbon, macro- and micronutrients in the examined soil samples were shown. The domination of reduction conditions (Eh < 400 mV) in the soils under A. аrguta points the deceleration in the humification processes, as well as the presence of the mobile forms of organic compounds with the allelopathic properties. The redox potential decreased with the increase of pH values. This reflects the intensifying of reduction processes. The soil phytotoxicity under A. аrguta reached 20–70% compared with the control. This is obviously due to the accumulation of phenolic compounds as well as iron and manganese. The relationship between pH, the phytotoxicity and the abundance of the main taxonomical and ecological trophic groups of microbiota in soils under A. аrguta was ascertained. Conclusions. Calcic Luvisols from the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine (Kyiv city, Ukraine) and Luvic Chernozems from Jiamusi (Heilongjiang province, China) were determined to be the most favorable for A. arguta cultivation. Salic Solonetz from Harbin (Heilongjiang province, China) and Haplic Luvisols from Linyi (Shandong province, China) had the least suitable soil conditions for A. arguta plants.
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