The aim of our study was to assess the attraction and value of flowering plants at green areas in support and sustenance of wild bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) populations in Kyiv. Study objects were the most common flowering ornamental plants of the city and the wild bees visiting their inflorescence during the vegetation season to collect pollen and feed on nectar. Study was conducted at 16 areas of observation and material collection, which include urban parks, M. M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden, green spaces of residential areas, roadsides, etc. Insects were collected following the standard method of catching individual specimens during spring and summer periods of 2012–2018. Based on the observations, we visualized trophic relations of bees with plants and calculated the biodiversity index of visiting insects for plants. Periodicity of florescence was analyzed using phenological data. Examination of urban green areas revealed ornamental plants that were the most attractive for bees, including more than 35 taxa of 20 families of trees, shrubs and grassy plants. Bees are superiorly attracted to plants of the genera Rudbeckia, Sedum, Gypsophila, Cerasus, Tagetes, Spiraea, Lonicera, Aesculus. There is a succession of plant flowering during spring-summer season, which must be considered while planting of greenery. Certain plant species attract insects at each period of inflorescence period, for example, Prunus, Rhododendron, Crataegus, Aesculus in spring, most of Asteraceae in summer. The diversity of blossoming plants is significantly lower to the end of summer and beginning of fall, coinciding with the decreasing flight activity of wild bees. Overall, the studied ornamental plants not only attract the most common species of wild bees, but also highly specific and rare species such as Bombus argillaceus and Xylocopa valga, protected by the Red Data Book of Ukraine. We found that blossoming green areas, made up by trees, shrubs and herbs ornamental plants, are important for feeding of many species of wild bees and sustaining their populations in urban conditions.
Trifolium rubens is a Central European forest-steppe plant species reaching its eastern distribution limit in Ukraine and listed in the Red Book of Ukraine (2009).Our study was carried out in 2016–2020 and aimed to analyze the distribution of T. rubens in Ukraine, to identify the composition of phytocoenoses with T. rubens, and to evaluate the current state of its populations in the Zakarpattia region of Ukraine. The distribution of this species was analyzed based on data obtained from the field surveys, literature, online resources, and herbaria. In total, 78 localities of T. rubens were analyzed. Trifolium rubens was found to be distributed in Zakarpattia, Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ternopil, Rivne, Khmelnytskyi, Chernivtsi, and Vinnytsia regions of Ukraine. Two of these regions (Khmelnytskyi and Chernivtsi) were not mentioned before in the Red Book of Ukraine. The presence of T. rubens in Volyn, Zhytomyr, Cherkasy, and Kyiv regions is doubtful and not confirmed by recent data. Most localities of this species are known from Zakarpattia and Lviv regions.Three new localities were found in the Beregovo district of the Zakarpattia region in the foothills of the Volcanic Carpathians. The floristic compositions of the plant communities and ontogenetic structure of T. rubens populations in Beregovo and Mukachevo districts of the Zakarpattia region were investigated. Investigated populations are isolated with a dispersed disposition of plants on large areas. Trifolium rubens occurs here in meadow-steppe and meadow areas, on hillsides, and also participate in mesoxerophilous secondary (semi-natural) shrub communities in anthropogenically transformed areas. Often such populations are situated along pathways, on forest edges and fallow lands, and associated with ecotones of Trifolio-Geranietea sanguinei class. All studied populations were incomplete with the domination of generative shoots.
The variety of landscapes and diversity of flowering plants in botanic gardens have a positive impact on the species diversity of wild bees, and creates favorable conditions for different ecological groups. In М. М. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine (NBG) the fauna of wild bees, their trophic specialization and nesting strategies was studied for the first time. Totally 147 species from 6 families and 35 genera were found. Family Colletidae is represented by 8% of the species and 7.82 % of the individuals, Andrenidae — 24% and 19.32%, Melittidae — 3% and 1.42 %, Halictidae — 21 and 28.44 %, Megachilidae — 17% and 9.9%, Apidae — 27% and 33.1% respectively. The species structure of bees by ecological groups is distributed as follows: polylectic species — 77%, oligolectic species — 23%; solitary — 67%, eusocial — 12%, cleptoparasites — 21%; ground nesting bees — 59%, nesting in a different substrate (tree cavities, hollow plant stems, voids, holes, walls of buildings etc.) — 20%. The feed resources of the NBG are very diverse and comprise more than 100 species of flowering plants from 40 families, some of which are introduced, ornamental species and varieties. Four species from the Red Data Book of Ukraine are recorded — Andrena chrysopus, Bombus muscorum, B. argillaceus, and Xylocopa valga. The results indicate that the NBG is an important place for conservation of the wild bees’ diversity in the territory of Kyiv.
The purpose of this work was to investigate ontomorphogenesis of Asphodeline lutea (L.) Rchb. (a rare Mediterranean species of plants for Ukraine) in culture, to analyze the features and describe plants in а different age stages and the sequence of their passage by individuals outside of the natural area in M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Kyiv). In the article detailed morphological descriptions of plants in different age stages are given. The plants were studied in culture. Observations were conducted during 5 year period (2014-2019). The growth and development of individuals in this article are considered as components of ontogenetic changes in plants within a large life cycle. Ontomorphogenesis was studied by conventional methods. For the description of the ontogenetic development degree of individuals, the terms "age-stage" and "age-period" are used. To describe the variation of the passage by individuals of ontogeny stages we divided stages into ontomorphs, which determined the degree of development-degradation of plants. Due to the fact that A. lutea is included in the Red Book of Ukraine (2009), after research of the the specimens they were planted in the soil for further growth. It has been established that A. lutea plants go through four periods of ontomorphogenesis and eight age stages in culture. Plants annually bloom, form seeds and seedlings. As a result of observations of individuals, it has been established that A. lutea plants are drought-resistant and winter-stable in Kyiv, and their annual cycle of development depends on seasonal climatic variations. Asphodeline lutea is a perennial herb with a short rhizome and monocarpic generative shoots, vegetatively mobile. The underground part is a rhizome with renewal buds and stocking roots. Vegetative recovery occurs from underground buds. Pregenerative period lasts 5 years or more. Seedlings and juvenile plаnts are formed during one period of vegetation. Due to the degree of development of juvenile and immature plants they are divided into ontomorphotypes. Such differentiation determines the possibility of multivariate development in individuals. We noted that the virginіle plants can be represented as a separate shoots or а clone, that is formed as a result of "tillering". In the generative period a further vegetative growth is characteristic for A. lutea, which is successfully used for artificial vegetative reproduction of these plants in culture. Formation of subsenile and senile plants is a result of prolonged cultivation in one place or in stressful conditions. In the postgenerative period of ontogenesis for the preservation of plants in a culture, it is necessary to "rejuvenate" them by separating and planting members of clonе to a new place. Due to the biological characteristics of the species, the examination of plants for the study of the ontogenetic structure of cenopopulations is best carried out during flowering, as later on, an overland part of the juvenile species may already be absent, which will affect the assessment of the age range of the population.
Investigation of plant ontogenetic peculiarities and establishment of boundaries of ontogenetic states of individuals is a necessary basis for studying their populations. The minimal amount of data on morphology of plants in the pregenerative period of ontogenesis complicates plant identification in natural and cultural populations. Such information is especially important for rare species of plants. Dictamnus albus L. is a perennial rare plant listed in the Red Book of Ukraine.The objective of this research is to analyze the peculiarities of ontomorphogenesis of D. albus, to establish diagnostic signs of age stages and the sequence of their passage for identification of the multivariance of development. The results of the study on D. albus ontomorphogeny in the latent and pregenerative period at the M. M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden оf the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine are represented in this article. Diagnostic features of age stages: seeds, seedlings, juvenile, immature, virginile are established. The study shows a multivariate development that reveals different sequences of passing ontogenesis states by individuals and, accordingly, the rate of their aging and life expectancy. To describe the variation of the passage by individuals of ontogeny stages, we divided the stages into ontomorphs, which determined the degree of development-degradation of plants. The research showed that every age stage lasts for one growing season or longer. The first bloom in plants does not come earlier than the sixth year of vegetation. Seedlings and juvenile plants vary in leaf number and phyllotaxy. The development of immature plants takes place from the third year of vegetation. Seedlings, juvenile and young immature plants have a tap-root system. In individuals older than 4 years a root system forms which becomes similar to the fibrous root system due to the presence of several thickened roots. In immature and virginile plants, we observed the formation of adventitious roots on the caudex. It has been found that D. albus is characterized by heterophylly and morphological variability of leaves, which is developed during ontogeny and shoot formation. The variety of the architecture of individuals in the early stages of ontogenesis and the multi-variation of their development indicate the variation of the reaction rate.The data may be used for evaluate age (ontogenetic) structure of D. albus populations.
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