One of the most actual problems of modern poultry farming is to increase the preservation of chickens and ensure high intensity of their growth at all stages of rearing. The development of alternative methods of prevention and treatment of infectious diseases of poultry involves the use of preparations of natural or organic origin, which have antagonistic properties against infectious agents and are able to balance the immune response. A prominent place in the system of disease prevention and increasing the resistance of animals and poultry is the development of modern probiotic and bactericidal preparations. In view of this, we studied the influence of the synbiotic preparations “Biomagn” in combination with the disinfectant “Diolide” on the state of the T- and B-cell links of the specific immunity of broiler chickens during the period of their rearing. The preparation “Biomagn” is based on representatives of the normal commensal microflora - non-pathogenic lactic acid bacteria with antibacterial and immunomodulatory properties and additional components: magnesium chloride, chitosan, xylanase, protease, cellulase, milk thistle meal, acidity regulator, betaine and emulsifier. The specified remedy is used to ensure optimal level of metabolism, increase immune function, growth, safety of animals and poultry. The results of the research showed that the use of the synbiotic preparation “Biomagn” in combination with the disinfectant “Diolide” had a positive influence on the activity of T- and B-cell links of specific defense of broiler chickens organism during the period of their rearing. This is evidenced by an increase in the amount of T-lymphocytes (total, active and theophylline-resistant) and B-lymphocytes in the blood and an increase in their functional activity due to the redistribution of the receptor apparatus of immunocompetent cells. In particular, a decrease in the number of functionally inactive T- and B-lymphocytes in the blood and an increase in the number of cells with low and medium degree of avidity. Therefore, the use of a set of studied immunotropic preparations is a promising direction in increasing the resistance and productivity of poultry. This allows in industrial conditions of maintenance, without loss of productivity, to respond to technological factors that can lead to immunodeficiency, disease and death of poultry.
The purpose of the research was to study acute toxicity, irritating and sensitizing effects, biochemical and immunological parameters of animal blood after influence of "Orgasept" disinfectant, consisted from silver nanoparticles, benzalkonium chloride and lactic acid. To determine acute toxicity, 6 months old clinically healthy male rats (5 groups, six rats per each group) and female rats (5 groups, six per each group) with body weight of 180-200 g were used. We determined the average lethal dose (LD50) and the main parameters of acute toxicity after Orgasept rats administration in various dozes. We found that, at intra-gastrointestinal administration of Orgasept, the LD50 for male rats was 5000.0±43.0 mg/kg body weight and 5045.0±56.3 mg/kg for the females. We also registered that Orgasept does not have cumulative and sensitizing properties, does not show irritating effect, suppressive effect on growth and development of animals, and does not affect the hemopoiesis. We revealed that Orgasept demonstrated significant effect on nonspecific and specific factors of the organism's protection compared to the formaldehyde.
A disinfectant was created for aerosol disinfection of premises in the presence of poultry, which will help reduce microbial contamination of premises, increase survival, weight of poultry and economic efficiency of meat production in general. The preparation based on essential oils can be used for disinfection in the presence of poultry and at the same time exhibits a therapeutic and prophylactic effect on respiratory infections. This disinfectant has a colloidal solution of silver (Ag), benzalkonium chloride and essential oils of thyme, fir and eucalyptus. The preparation based on essential oils contains (per 100 g): benzalkonium chloride – 16.0 g; thyme oil – up to 2.0 g; eucalyptus oil – up to 2.0 g; fir oil – up to 2.0 g; colloidal solution of silver (Ag) – 20–30 mg; distilled water - up to 100 cm3. Aerosol sanitation of indoor air was carried out with 0.3% solution of preparation in the period before housing poultry and once a day from the 20th to the 35th day of growing broilers with aerosol cold mist generator Dyna-Fog Tornado (model 2897, construction type – ULV-electric spray gnerator, manufacturer – Curtis Dyna-Fog, Ltd., USA) at a dose of 50.0 cm3 per 1 m3 at an exposure of 60 minutes. The size of the aerosol particles is 20 μm. On days 1, 4, 8, 11, 15, 28, 37, and 42, the chickens were weighed, and the blood was taken for examination. Blood was examined to study the number of red blood cells, hemoglobin content, the bactericidal activity of blood serum, phagocyte activity of leukocytes, lysozyme activity of blood serum. According to the results of the research, the technological modes of air disinfection of poultry premises in the presence of broiler chickens were substantiated during the use of preparation, which contains nanoparticles (NP) of silver, benzalkonium chloride and essential oils. The optimal mode of aerosol treatment of poultry houses using a 0.3% solution preparation based on essential oils is 50 mL/m3 of a room with a 60-minute exposure. The use of air disinfection in the presence of chickens during broiler rearing and one treatment per day from 20 to 35 days of the chickens’ growth reduced the microbial pollution of indoor air. Thus, the concentration of microbial cells in the room where the chickens were kept was 230.2 ± 15.6 thousand microbial cell/m3. Sixty minutes after disinfection, the concentration decreased to 1.4 ± 0.4 thousand microbial cell/m3. In addition, the bodyweight of chickens at 6 weeks increased by 449.4 ± 16.3 g (15.9%) compared with the controls. The method and mode of air treatment did not adversely affect the development of the internal organs of the poultry and their physiological state, which is confirmed by studies of the morphological parameters of the chicken blood. The data obtained indicate a positive effect of the developed methods and modes of aerosol air treatment with the preparation based on essential oils on the growth and development of broilers.
In Ukraine, prevention and control measures of bovine leukosis were regulated by relevant legislation, regulations and instructions developed in the period 1960–1992. Currently, the instruction on prevention and rehabilitation of this disease in cattle is used (approved in 2007). According to it, the identification of infected animals is carried out from 6 months of age by serological (first scheme in AGID or another in ELISA) and genomic (PCR) methods. The infected animals are removed from the herd or slaughtered. In general, because of the diagnostic and preventive measures carried out during the analyzed period (26 years) 10 519 farms were rehabilitated from leukosis (2 346 affected farms remained from previous years). At the same time, more 4 million infected cattle were slaughtered. The majority of affected farms (more than 1 000) were registered in the period between 1994 (2 346 farms) and 2003 (1 247 farms). Since 2014, the number of affected farms has remained mostly below 10 and the number of infected cattle has decreased to 2 000 animals per year. At the same time, the number of rehabilitated farms also decreased (from 1 307 farms in 1998 to 4 farms in 2014). The same trend was registered with the dynamics of the number of animals that were removed from the herd due to leukosis. Thus, in 1995 and 1997 their numbers were 321 178 and 558 649 animals, respectively, and in 2014 it was 1 124. The obtained indicators of intensity and extensiveness of the epizootic process show that the incidence rate was maximal during 1998–2000 and amounted to 3.7–4.3%. The maximum indicators of the coefficient of affection were recorded in 1997–2000 and equal 11.8–15.3%. The rate of foci remained on the level of 90–270 throughout the all analyzed period. During 2008–2019, specialists of the Ukrainian veterinary laboratories investigated more than 47 million samples of cattle blood sera for enzootic bovine leukosis by AGID and ELISA. However, despite the significant diagnostic work, the important factor in the decrease of the number of affected farms and infected animals is the decrease in the total number of cattle in Ukraine (almost 22 million animals in 1994 against 3 million in 2019). Graphic trends of these indicators are comparable and agree with the decrease in the number of cattle in our country by analyzed period. After 2014, the number of affected farms ranged 10–17 per year (mostly in private households). However, the full recovery of cattle in Ukraine from bovine leukosis has not taken place, although our country is closer than ever to this.
Modern complex disinfectants should not only be highly effective against most pathogens, but also safe for the body of laboratory and farm animals. To determine the effect of microbicides on animal organism, there are several commonly accepted parameters that are regulated by relevant methodological documents. Taking into account the urgency of the development and implementation of modern disinfectants, the purpose of the researche was to study the effects of the drug "Orgsept" on the indicators of acute toxicity and its harmful effects on laboratory animals. The determination of acute toxicity, the study of the cumulative and skin-resorptive action of the drug "Orgasept" was performed on clinically healthy white mice, and the irritating effect and sensitizing properties were studied on Guinea pigs. The studies were conducted using generally accepted techniques (Yakubchak et al., 2005). According to the results of the research, acute toxicity, cumulative, sensitizing, irritating, skin-resorptive action of the disinfectant based on lactic acid and nanoparticles of silver "Orgasept" on laboratory animals were determined. It has been determined that the investigated preparation according to sanitary-and-hygienic norms GOST 12.1.007-76 belongs to the 3 groups of toxicity in concentrations which are significantly higher than bactericidal, it does not have a pronounced cumulative, sensitizing and skin-resorptive action.
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