The article presents data on serological studies of 573 sera samples of cattle that were collected from the farms affected by leptospirosis in different regions of Ukraine in the period of 2014–2015. Samples were investigated by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), which was conducted within eight serological groups of Leptospira and nine serovars: Sejroe (serovars polonica and hardjo), Hebdomadis (serovar kabura), Tarassovi (serovar tarassovi), Pomona (serovar pomona), Grippotyphosa (serovar grippotyphosa), Canicola (serovar canicola), Icterohaemorrhagiae (serovar copenhageni), and Australis (serovar bratislava). The circulation of L. interrogans serovar hardjo among cattle has been observed in all 11 regions of Ukraine investigated within 25.8–60.0% of the leptospirosis-positive serum samples in these regions.Antibodies in the cattle sera against serovar hardjo (serogroup Sejroe) were detected in 139 of the 370 cows reacting positively in MAT. Overall, they were detected in 24.3% animals out of the total of 573 cows investigated. These are the preliminary results, however, in our opinion, they should allow to include the serovar hardjo in a standard panel of strains for MAT in Ukraine.

In Ukraine, prevention and control measures of bovine leukosis were regulated by relevant legislation, regulations and instructions developed in the period 1960–1992. Currently, the instruction on prevention and rehabilitation of this disease in cattle is used (approved in 2007). According to it, the identification of infected animals is carried out from 6 months of age by serological (first scheme in AGID or another in ELISA) and genomic (PCR) methods. The infected animals are removed from the herd or slaughtered. In general, because of the diagnostic and preventive measures carried out during the analyzed period (26 years) 10 519 farms were rehabilitated from leukosis (2 346 affected farms remained from previous years). At the same time, more 4 million infected cattle were slaughtered. The majority of affected farms (more than 1 000) were registered in the period between 1994 (2 346 farms) and 2003 (1 247 farms). Since 2014, the number of affected farms has remained mostly below 10 and the number of infected cattle has decreased to 2 000 animals per year. At the same time, the number of rehabilitated farms also decreased (from 1 307 farms in 1998 to 4 farms in 2014). The same trend was registered with the dynamics of the number of animals that were removed from the herd due to leukosis. Thus, in 1995 and 1997 their numbers were 321 178 and 558 649 animals, respectively, and in 2014 it was 1 124. The obtained indicators of intensity and extensiveness of the epizootic process show that the incidence rate was maximal during 1998–2000 and amounted to 3.7–4.3%. The maximum indicators of the coefficient of affection were recorded in 1997–2000 and equal 11.8–15.3%. The rate of foci remained on the level of 90–270 throughout the all analyzed period. During 2008–2019, specialists of the Ukrainian veterinary laboratories investigated more than 47 million samples of cattle blood sera for enzootic bovine leukosis by AGID and ELISA. However, despite the significant diagnostic work, the important factor in the decrease of the number of affected farms and infected animals is the decrease in the total number of cattle in Ukraine (almost 22 million animals in 1994 against 3 million in 2019). Graphic trends of these indicators are comparable and agree with the decrease in the number of cattle in our country by analyzed period. After 2014, the number of affected farms ranged 10–17 per year (mostly in private households). However, the full recovery of cattle in Ukraine from bovine leukosis has not taken place, although our country is closer than ever to this.

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Infectious diseases cause substantial economic damage to livestock farms, so there is a constant search for new means of preventing diseases, especially disinfectants. Analysis of the scientific literature indicates a substantial problem of leptospirosis in Ukraine and there are virtually no data on the use of complex oxidising drugs for its prevention. The purpose of the work was to examine the effect of Biolide (active substances hydrogen peroxide, lactic and supralactic acids) and Diolide disinfectants (active substances sodium chlorite and sodium chloride) on the causative agents of leptospirosis. The stability of eight pathogenic Leptospira cultures of different ages circulating in Ukraine and their growth properties were tested by adding different concentrations of these disinfectants to them. The results obtained were statistically analysed in the Epitools – Epidemiological Calculators software. Effective concentrations and exposures of Biolide and Diolide for use in preventive and forced disinfection in leptospirosis were determined. As a result of studies on the effect of both disinfectants on 7-, 10- and 15-days Leptospira test cultures, no differences were recorded between the indicators of their accumulation (number of microbial cells/cm3). Therefore, the results obtained for cultures of different ages were considered as repeatability. It is proved that for preventive and forced disinfection in leptospirosis, a 0.55% solution of Biolide is recommended for use at an exposure of 30 minutes at a temperature of 24°C. If the exposure period is increased to 60 minutes, it is allowed to reduce the concentration of the product to 0.185%. Regarding the drug “Diolide”, it is recommended to use it in this zoonosis in a dilution of 200 mg/l (concentration of 0.08% of the active substance) during exposure for 15 minutes at a temperature of 24°C. If the exposure period is increased to 30 minutes, it is allowed to reduce the dilution of the drug to 50 mg/dm3 (concentration of 0.02% of the active substance). In addition, it was determined that both disinfectants completely inhibit the growth of pathogenic cultures of Leptospira. The practical value of the study is to prove the possibility of using complex disinfectants based on oxidising agents for the prevention of leptospirosis

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One of the most important livestock industries in the world is poultry breeding, which meets human needs for high-quality protein products (poultry meat, eggs) and is characterized by rapid return on investment. Bacterial infectious diseases of poultry are a major problem for the poultry industry and its strategic future. Given the relevance of bacterial diseases of poultry in the world and in Ukraine in particular, the authors conducted a retrospective analysis of the spread of these diseases in Ukraine for the period 2012–2020 by analyzing and systematizing the results of bacteriological investigations. In order to analyze the spread of bacterial diseases of poultry in terms of regions in Ukraine, we analyzed data on 20 diseases of poultry, namely: hemophilosis, infectious enterotoxemia, yersiniosis, campylobacteriosis, colibacteriosis, coligranulomatosis, klebsiella, listeriosis, mycoplasmosis, neisseriosis, pasteurellosis, pathogenic proteus, pneumococcosis, pseudomonosis, pullorosis, erysipelas septicemia, salmonellosis, staphylococcosis, streptococcosis and tuberculosis. According to the results of research, it is found that bacterial diseases of poultry are significantly common in Ukraine, the average infection of poultry with bacterial diseases for the period from 2012 to 2020 was 0.8%. The leading role in the etiological structure of pathogens of bacterial diseases of poultry was played by colibacillosis – 56.9% of the total number of all positive samples. Also, the dominant bacterial diseases of poultry in Ukraine during the analyzed period are: salmonellosis (13.5%), staphylococcosis (7.8%), pasteurellosis (7.0%), pseudomonosis (6.8%), pullorosis (3.6%) and streptococcus (2.6%). Significantly fewer positive samples were registered in the bacteriological investigations of other diseases: pneumococcosis 0.5%, tuberculosis 0.4%, infectious enterotoxemia 0.3%, pathogenic proteus 0.2%, erysipelas septicemia 0.1%, klebsiellosis 0.1%, listeriosis 0.1%, neisseriosis 0.08%, coligranulomatosis 0.05% and hemophilosis 0.02%. According to the results of bacteriological research of poultry for such diseases as yersiniosis, campylobacteriosis and mycoplasmosis – no positive test was found for the entire analyzed period. According to the results of ecological and geographical analysis, the heterogeneity of the nosological profile of bacterial diseases of poultry in different regions of Ukraine was established.

Leptospirosis is a widespread infection among pigs throughout the world. In most cases in Ukraine, only the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) is used for the diagnosis of leptospirosis in animals. In general, during the period of 2001–2019, 2 381 163 samples of blood sera from swine were tested in our country and 85 338 positive reactions were received, which is 3.58% [binomial confidence intervals (BCI), 3.56–3.61%]. It was established that the serovars copenhageni – 33.91% (BCI, 33.59–34.23%), bratislava – 14.14% (BCI, 13.90–14.37%), pomona – 8.58% (BCI, 8.39–8.77%), and tarassovi – 7.12% (BCI, 6.95–7.30%) play a leading role in the aetiological structure of swine leptospirosis. A large number of positive reactions to several serovars was observed – 29.78% (BCI, 29.47–30.09%) of the total number of positive cases. In addition, the article presents data according to a retrospective analysis of the eight serovars circulating among pigs in Ukraine. Thus, during the nineteen year period, there was a decrease in the number of positive reactions to bratislava, pomona, and tarassovi and an increase in the number of positive reactions to copenhageni, polonica, and kabura. Mapping Ukraine’s territory for leptospirosis among pigs was carried out. This allows one to identify zones with a risk of leptospirosis infections among swine. The maps show that the highest incidence rates were identified in the eastern and central parts of Ukraine.

1 Інститут ветеринарної медицини НААН 2 Білоцерківський національний аграрний університет 3 Національна академія аграрних наук України РОЗРОБКА ТА ВАЛІДАЦІЯ ПОЛІМЕРАЗНОЇ ЛАНЦЮГОВОЇ РЕАКЦІЇ У РЕЖИМІ РЕАЛЬНОГО ЧАСУ ДЛЯ ВИЯВЛЕННЯ ДНК ПАТОГЕННИХ ЛЕПТОСПІР У статті наведені результати розробки та валідації методики полімеразної ланцюгової реакції у режимі реального часу для детекції ДНК патогенних лептоспір за міжнародними вимогами. Встановлено, що розроблена праймерна система проявляє виражену гібридизаційну активність по відношенню до ДНК-матриці при 45ºС з концентрацією іонів магнію у реакційній суміші 1,5 мМ/мкл. Представлені показники визначення чутливості, межі виявлення та специфічності методики, які свідчать про можливість її застосування з метою виявлення ДНК патогенних лептоспір при діагностиці лептоспірозу в господарствах України. Ключові слова: лептоспіра, ДНК, ПЛР у режимі реального часу, протокол ампліфікації, оптимізація.Вступ. Лептоспіроз це один з найпоширеніших у всьому світі антропозоонозів, у природних умовах частіше хворіють свині та велика рогата худоба, сприйнятливі також коні, вівці, кози, буйволи, лисиці, норки, песці, птиця, собаки, білі миші, комахоїдні, хижаки і сумчасті. За своєю актуальністю, епізоотологічним значенням він знаходиться поряд з туберкульозом та бруцельозом, а за кількістю відомих сероварів лептоспіри поступаються лише ентеробактеріям [1,2]. У світі спостерігається щонайменше 0,5 млн. випадків захворювання людей в рік, а рівень смертності від лептоспірозу у людей коливається від 5% до 15% [3]. збудником хвороби є спірохети, котрі виділені в самостійне сімейство Leptospiraceae, порядку Spirochaetalis, в який включений рід Leptospira, об'єднуючий два види лептоспір: L. interrogans (патогенні лептоспіри) та L. biflexa (лептоспіри-сапрофіти).В останній час проводяться активні досліди з розробки і використання ПЛР з метою визначення генетичних та патологічних характеристик лептоспір та діагностики лептоспірозу [4].